Insecticide resistance and role in malaria transmission of Anopheles funestus populations from Zambia and Zimbabwe

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Maureen Coetzee³  Richard H Hunt¹  Basil D Brooke³  Lizette L Koekemoer³  Aramu Makuwaza⁴  Shungu Munyati²  Mbanga Muleba⁵  Eunice Agubuzo³  Oliver R Wood³  Luisa Nardini³  Riann Christian³  Kwang S Choi⁶ 

[1] Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe;Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa;National Institute for Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe;Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia;School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea

关键词: Plasmodium infection;    Resistance intensity;    Insecticide resistance;    mtDNA clades;    Anopheles funestus;   

Others  :  1149936
DOI  :  10.1186/s13071-014-0464-z

 received in 2014-07-09, accepted in 2014-09-27,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Two mitochondrial DNA clades have been described in Anopheles funestus populations from southern Africa. Clade I is common across the continent while clade II is known only from Mozambique and Madagascar. The specific biological status of these clades is at present unknown. We investigated the possible role that each clade might play in the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and the insecticide resistance status of An. funestus from Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Methods

Mosquitoes were collected inside houses from Nchelenge District, Zambia and Honde Valley, Zimbabwe in 2013 and 2014. WHO susceptibility tests, synergist assays and resistance intensity tests were conducted on wild females and progeny of wild females. ELISA was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Specimens were identified to species and mtDNA clades using standard molecular methods.

Results

The Zimbabwean samples were all clade I while the Zambian population comprised 80% clade I and 20% clade II in both years of collection. ELISA tests gave an overall infection rate of 2.3% and 2.1% in 2013, and 3.5% and 9.2% in 2014 for Zimbabwe and Zambia respectively. No significant difference was observed between the clades. All populations were resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates but susceptible to organochlorines and organophosphates. Synergist assays indicated that pyrethroid resistance is mediated by cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases. Resistance intensity tests showed high survival rates after 8-hrs continuous exposure to pyrethroids but exposure to bendiocarb gave the same results as the susceptible control.

Conclusions

This is the first record of An. funestus mtDNA clade II occurring in Zambia. No evidence was found to suggest that the clades are markers of biologically separate populations. The ability of An. funestus to withstand prolonged exposure to pyrethroids has serious implications for the use of these insecticides, either through LLINs or IRS, in southern Africa in general and resistance management strategies should be urgently implemented.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Choi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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