The ecology of mosquitoes in an irrigated vegetable farm in Kumasi, Ghana: abundance, productivity and survivorship

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Guiyun Yan³  Thomas Kruppa²  Ruth Brenya¹  Bernard W Lawson⁴  Yaw A Afrane² 

[1] School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA;Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

关键词: Ghana;    Kumasi;    Mosquito productivity;    Anopheles gambiae;    Irrigated farms;    Urban malaria;   

Others  :  1229073
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-5-233

 received in 2012-04-26, accepted in 2012-10-05,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Irrigated vegetable farms within the city of Kumasi, Ghana, create hotspots for the breeding of malaria vectors, which could lead to high transmission of malaria. This study investigated the abundance and productivity of mosquitoes in an irrigated vegetable farm in Kumasi, Ghana.

Methods

Adult mosquito productivity was estimated five days in a week in different irrigated scheme types (dug-out wells, furrows and footprints) for 12 weeks using emergence traps. Larval sampling was done five days a week to estimate the abundance of larvae from the different irrigated schemes types.

Results

Mosquito breeding in the irrigated vegetable field was confined to dug-out wells, furrows and human footprints. Mosquito productivity (m²/week) was highest in the dugout wells followed by the human footprints and the least was in the furrows (11.23, 5.07 and 4.34 An. gambiae/m²/week). Larval abundance for the late instars (3^rd, 4^th and pupae) also followed the same trend, with the dug-out wells having the highest larval abundance followed by the human footprints and then the furrows (13.24, 6.81, 5.87 larvae/week). Mosquito productivity and abundance was negatively correlated with rainfall (R² = 0.209; P< 0.01).

Conclusion

This study showed that adult and larval mosquito abundance and larval survival were high in the irrigated fields in the irrigated vegetable farm. This therefore, contributed significantly to adult mosquito populations and hence malaria transmission in the city.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Afrane et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Trape JF: Malaria and urbanization in central Africa: the example of Brazzaville. Part I: Description of the town and review of previous surveys. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987, 2:1-9.
• [2]Coene J: Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input. Med Vet Entomol 1993, 7:127-137.
• [3]Trape JF, Zoulani A: Malaria and urbanization in central Africa: the example of Brazzaville. Part III: Relationships between urbanization and the intensity of malaria transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987, 81(2):19-25.
• [4]Afrane YA, Klinkenberg E, Drechsel P, Owusu-Daaku K, Garms R, Kruppa T: Does irrigated urban agriculture influence the transmission of malaria in the city of Kumasi, Ghana? Acta Trop 2004, 89:125-134.
• [5]Cofie OO, Drechsel P, Amoah P, Danso G, Gyiele L: Improving rural–urban nutrient flows through urban and pen-urban agriculture. In: Rural–Urban Encounters: Managing the Environment of the Peri-urban Interface. London: DPU internationalConference Pape; 2001.
• [6]Trape JF, Pison G, Spiegel A, Engel C, Rogier C: Combating malaria in Africa. Trends Parasitol 2002, 18:224-230.
• [7]Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna LC, Knols BG: Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2:618-627.
• [8]Fillinger U, Knols BG, Becker N: Efficacy and efficiency of new Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus formulations against Afrotropical anophelines in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2003, 8:37-47.
• [9]Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, Knols BG, Becker N: The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:1274-1289.
• [10]Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA: Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in Western Kenya. J Med Entomol 2001, 38:282-288.
• [11]Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Barrack OO, Githeko AK, G Y: Oviposition site preference and egg hatchability of Anopheles gambiae: effects of land cover types. J Med Entomol 2005, 42:993-997.
• [12]Sunahara T, Ishizaka K, Mogi M: Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vector Ecol 2002, 27:8-20.
• [13]Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G: Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 2004, 18:301-305.
• [14]Chinery WA: Impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in Accra and Tema, Ghana. Afr J Med Med Sci 1995, 24:179-188.
• [15]Keating J, MacIntyre K, Mbogo C, Githeko A, Regens JL, Swalm C, Ndenga B, Steinberg LJ, Kibe L, Githure JI, Beier JC: A geographic sampling strategy for studying relationships between human activity and malaria vectors in urban Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003, 68:357-365.
• [16]WHO [World Health Organization]: Manual on practical entomology in malaria. Vol II. Methods and techniques No. 13. 13th edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1975.
• [17]Karanja DM, Githeko AK, Vulule JM: Small-scale field evaluation of the monomolecular surface film 'Arosurf MSF' against Anopheles arabiensis Patton. Acta Trop 1994, 56:365-369.
• [18]Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Mushinzimana E, Barrack OO, Githeko AK, G Y: Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenyan highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 74:69-75.
• [19]Service MW: Agricultural development and arthropod-borne diseases: a review. Rev Saude Publica 1991, 25:165-178.
• [20]Gilles MT, De Meillon B: The Anophelines of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogrographical Region). 2nd edition. Johannesburg: Publication of the South African Institute for Medical Research No.54; 1968.
• [21]Service MW: Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. J Med Entomol 1977, 13:535-545.
• [22]Mogi M, Okazawa T, Miyag I, Sucharit S, Tumrasvin W, Deesin T: Development and survival of anopheline immatures (Diptera: Culicidae) in rice fields in northern Thailand. J Med Entomol 1986, 23:244-250.
• [23]Munga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Barrack OO, Githeko AK, Yan G: Effects of larval competitors and predators on oviposition site selection of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. J Med Entomol 2006, 43:221-224.
• [24]Mutuku FM, Bayoh MN, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Kamau L, Walker ED, Kabiru E, Hawley WA: Pupal habitat productivity of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a rural village in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 74:54-61.
• [25]SAS: JMP® User's Guide. NC, USA: Cary; 1994.
• [26]Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Otieno S, Kaufman MG, Vulule JM, Walker ED: Density-dependent development of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats. J Med Entomol 2002, 39:162-172.
• [27]Minakawa N, Sonye G, Yan G: Relationships between occurrence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and size and stability of larval habitats. J Med Entomol 2005, 42:295-300.
• [28]Githeko AK, Ayisi JM, Odada PK, Atieli FK, Ndenga BA, Githure JI, Yan G: Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands:prospects for focal vector control. Malar J 2006, 10(5):107.
• [29]Service MW: Mosquito ecology. London: Elsvier; 1993.
• [30]Gubler DJ, Clark GG: Community involvement in the control of Aedes aegypti. Acta Trop 1996, 61:169-179.
• [31]Robert V, Awono-Ambene HP, Thioulouse J: Ecology of larval mosquitoes, with special reference to Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culcidae) in market-garden wells in urban Dakar, Senegal. J Med Entomol 1998, 35:948-955.