New evidence in trauma resuscitation - is 1:1:1 the answer?

Perioperative Medicine

Timothy E Miller¹ 

[1] Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 5677 HAFS Building, Box 3094, Durham NC 27710, UK

关键词: Survivor bias;    Blood product ratio;    Massive transfusion protocol;    Platelets;    Plasma;    Red blood cells;    Transfusion;    Resuscitation;    Trauma;   

Others  :  816389
DOI  :  10.1186/2047-0525-2-13

 received in 2012-10-23, accepted in 2013-05-08,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Traumatic injury is a common problem, with over five million worldwide deaths from trauma per year. An estimated 10 to 20% of these deaths are potentially preventable with better control of bleeding. Damage control resuscitation involves early delivery of plasma and platelets as a primary resuscitation approach to minimize trauma-induced coagulopathy. Plasma, red blood cell and platelet ratios of 1:1:1 appear to be the best substitution for fresh whole blood; however, the current literature consists only of survivor bias-prone observational studies.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Miller; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Pearse L, Caruso J, Wade CE, Oetjen-Gerdes L, Champion HR, Lawnick M, Farr W, Rodriguez S, Butler FK: Causes of death in U.S. Special Operations Forces in the global war on terrorism: 2001-2004. Annals of surgery 2007, 245:986-991.
• [2]Holcomb JB: Optimal use of blood products in severely injured trauma patients. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010, 2010:465-469.
• [3]Gruen RL, Jurkovich GJ, McIntyre LK, Foy HM, Maier RV: Patterns of errors contributing to trauma mortality: lessons learned from 2,594 deaths. Ann Surg 2006, 244:371-380.
• [4]Como JJ, Dutton RP, Scalea TM, Edelman BB, Hess JR: Blood transfusion rates in the care of acute trauma. Transfusion 2004, 44:809-813.
• [5]Malone DL, Hess JR, Fingerhut A: Massive transfusion practices around the globe and a suggestion for a common massive transfusion protocol. J Trauma 2006, 60(Suppl 6):S91-S96.
• [6]Robertson OH: Transfusion with Preserved. Br Med J 1918, 1:691-695.
• [7]Robertson OH: A method of citrated blood transfusion. Br Med J 1918, 1:477-479.
• [8]Stansbury LG, Hess JR: Blood transfusion in World War I: the roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the "most important medical advance of the war". Transfus Med Rev 2009, 23:232-236.
• [9]Churchill ED: The surgical management of the wounded in the Mediterranean theater at the time of the fall of Rome-[Foreword by Brig. Gen'l Fred W. Rankin, M.C.]. Ann Surg 1944, 120:268-283.
• [10]Moore FA, McKinley BA, Moore EE: The next generation in shock resuscitation. Lancet 2004, 363:1988-1996.
• [11]Cotton BA, Guy JS, Morris JA Jr, Abumrad NN: The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006, 26:115-121.
• [12]Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, Hayden D, de Boisblanc B, Connors AF Jr, Hite RD, Harabin AL: Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:2564-2575.
• [13]Eddy VA, Morris JA Jr, Cullinane DC: Hypothermia, coagulopathy, and acidosis. Surg Clin North Am 2000, 80:845-854.
• [14]Gando S: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 2001, 27:585-592.
• [15]Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Schultz MJ, Levi M, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF: Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma 2008, 64:1211-1217. discussion 1217
• [16]Shaz BH, Winkler AM, James AB, Hillyer CD, MacLeod JB: Pathophysiology of early trauma-induced coagulopathy: emerging evidence for hemodilution and coagulation factor depletion. J Trauma 2011, 70:1401-1407.
• [17]James MF, Michell WL, Joubert IA, Nicol AJ, Navsaria PH, Gillespie RS: Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (Fluids in Resuscitation of Severe Trauma). Br J Anaesth 2011, 107:693-702.
• [18]Ogilvie MP, Pereira BM, McKenney MG, McMahon PJ, Manning RJ, Namias N, Livingstone AS, Schulman CI, Proctor KG: First report on safety and efficacy of hetastarch solution for initial fluid resuscitation at a level 1 trauma center. J Am Coll Surg 2010, 210:870-880. 880–872
• [19]Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, Sebesta J, Jenkins D, Wade CE, Holcomb JB: The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007, 63:805-813.
• [20]Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Salinas J, Martini WZ, Hess JR, Dubick MA, Simon CD, Beekley AC, Wolf SE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB: The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma 2008, 64(2 Supp):S79-S85. discussion S85
• [21]Spinella PC: Warm fresh whole blood transfusion for severe hemorrhage: U.S. military and potential civilian applications. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(7 Suppl):S340-S345.
• [22]Van PY, Sambasivan CN, Wade CE, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA, Blackbourne LH: High transfusion ratios are not associated with increased complication rates in patients with severe extremity injuries. J Trauma 2010, 69(Suppl 1):S64-S68.
• [23]Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, Chisholm GB, Zarzabal LA, Schreiber MA, Gonzalez EA, Pomper GJ, Perkins JG, Spinella PC, Williams KL, Park MS: Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 2008, 248:447-458.
• [24]Sperry JL, Ochoa JB, Gunn SR, Alarcon LH, Minei JP, Cuschieri J, Rosengart MR, Maier RV, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Moore EE: An FFP:PRBC transfusion ratio >/=1:1.5 is associated with a lower risk of mortality after massive transfusion. J Trauma 2008, 65:986-993.
• [25]Ho AM, Dion PW, Yeung JH, Holcomb JB, Critchley LA, Ng CS, Karmakar MK, Cheung CW, Rainer TH: Prevalence of survivor bias in observational studies on fresh frozen plasma:erythrocyte ratios in trauma requiring massive transfusion. Anesthesiology 2012, 116:716-728.
• [26]Sharpe JP, Weinberg JA, Magnotti LJ, Maclennan PA, Schroeppel TJ, Fabian TC, Croce MA: Accounting for differences in transfusion volume: Are all massive transfusions created equal? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 72:1536-1540.
• [27]Perkins JG, Cap AP, Spinella PC, Blackbourne LH, Grathwohl KW, Repine TB, Ketchum L, Waterman P, Lee RE, Beekley AC, Sebesta JA, Shorr AF, Wade CE, Holcomb JB: An evaluation of the impact of apheresis platelets used in the setting of massively transfused trauma patients. J Trauma 2009, 66(4 Suppl):S77-S84. discussion S84-75
• [28]Shaz BH, Dente CJ, Nicholas J, MacLeod JB, Young AN, Easley K, Ling Q, Harris RS, Hillyer CD: Increased number of coagulation products in relationship to red blood cell products transfused improves mortality in trauma patients. Transfusion 2010, 50:493-500.
• [29]Holcomb JB, Zarzabal LA, Michalek JE, Kozar RA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Matijevic N, Dong JF, Pati S, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Cotton BA, Kozar RA, Brasel KJ, Vercruysse GA, MacLeod JB, Dutton RP, Hess JR, Duchesne JC, McSwain NE, Muskat PC, Johannigamn JA, Cryer HM, Tillou A, Cohen MJ, Pittet JF, Knudson P, DeMoya MA, Trauma Outcomes Group, et al.: Increased platelet:RBC ratios are associated with improved survival after massive transfusion. J Trauma 2011, 71(2 Suppl 3):S318-S328.
• [30]Armand R, Hess JR: Treating coagulopathy in trauma patients. Transfus Med Rev 2003, 17:223-231.
• [31]Tinmouth A, Fergusson D, Yee IC, Hebert PC: Clinical consequences of red cell storage in the critically ill. Transfusion 2006, 46:2014-2027.
• [32]Morse BC, Dente CJ, Hodgman EI, Shaz BH, Nicholas JM, Wyrzykowski AD, Salomone JP, Vercruysse GA, Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV: The effects of protocolized use of recombinant factor VIIa within a massive transfusion protocol in a civilian level I trauma center. Am Surg 2011, 77:1043-1049.
• [33]Hauser CJ, Boffard K, Dutton R, Bernard GR, Croce MA, Holcomb JB, Leppaniemi A, Parr M, Vincent JL, Tortella BJ, Dimsits J, Bouillon B, CONTROL Study Group: Results of the CONTROL trial: efficacy and safety of recombinant activated Factor VII in the management of refractory traumatic hemorrhage. J Trauma 2010, 69:489-500.
• [34]Levi M, Levy JH, Andersen HF, Truloff D: Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1791-1800.
• [35]Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, Dewan Y, El-Sayed H, Gogichaishvili T, Gupta S, Herrera J, Hunt B, Iribhogbe P, Izurieta M, Khamis H, Komolafe E, Marrero MA, Mejía-Mantilla J, Miranda J, Morales C, Olaomi O, Olldashi F, Perel P, Peto R, Ramana PV, Ravi RR, Yutthakasemsunt S: Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010, 376:23-32.
• [36]Schuster KM, Davis KA, Lui FY, Maerz LL, Kaplan LJ: The status of massive transfusion protocols in United States trauma centers: massive transfusion or massive confusion? Transfusion 2010, 50:1545-1551.
• [37]Riskin DJ, Tsai TC, Riskin L, Hernandez-Boussard T, Purtill M, Maggio PM, Spain DA, Brundage SI: Massive transfusion protocols: the role of aggressive resuscitation versus product ratio in mortality reduction. J Am Coll Surg 2009, 209:198-205.
• [38]O'Keeffe T, Refaai M, Tchorz K, Forestner JE, Sarode R: A massive transfusion protocol to decrease blood component use and costs. Arch Surg 2008, 143:686-690. discussion 690–681
• [39]Murad MH, Stubbs JR, Gandhi MJ, Wang AT, Paul A, Erwin PJ, Montori VM, Roback JD: The effect of plasma transfusion on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion 2010, 50:1370-1383.
• [40]Lin Y, Saw CL, Hannach B, Goldman M: Transfusion-related acute lung injury prevention measures and their impact at Canadian Blood Services. Transfusion 2012, 52:567-574.
• [41]Dente CJ, Shaz BH, Nicholas JM, Harris RS, Wyrzykowski AD, Ficke BW, Vercruysse GA, Feliciano DV, Rozycki GS, Salomone JP, Ingram WL: Early predictors of massive transfusion in patients sustaining torso gunshot wounds in a civilian level I trauma center. J Trauma 2010, 68:298-304.
• [42]Johansson PI: Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for massively bleeding patients: the Copenhagen concept. Transfus Apher Sci 2010, 43:401-405.
• [43]Schochl H, Maegele M, Solomon C, Gorlinger K, Voelckel W: Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012, 20:15. BioMed Central Full Text
• [44]Rahbar MH, Fox EE, del Junco DJ, Cotton BA, Podbielski JM, Matijevic N, Cohen MJ, Schreiber MA, Zhang J, Mirhaji P, Duran SJ, Reynolds RJ, Benjamin-Garner R, Holcomb JB, PROMMTT Investigators: Coordination and management of multicenter clinical studies in trauma: experience from the PRospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study. Resuscitation 2012, 83:459-464.
• [45]Weiskopf RB: Reconstructing deconstructed blood for trauma. Anesthesiology 2012, 116:518-521.