Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among an adult population in a war affected area, Southern Kordofan state, Sudan

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Rashid Osman Mohamed¹  Tigani Abdullah Abkar¹  Alaa Hammad Ali Abou-Zeid² 

[1] Ministry of Health, Kadugli, Sudan;Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy St, Manial, Cairo, Egypt

关键词: Sudan;    Southern Kordofan;    Soil-transmitted helminths;    S. mansoni;    S. haematobium;    Household;    Schistosomiasis;   

Others  :  1231764
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-5-133

 received in 2012-03-22, accepted in 2012-07-03,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Schistosomiasis remains a major health problem at global and national levels, contributing to the vulnerability of the poor people in Sudan. Southern Kordofan is affected by Schistosomiasis but the disease prevalence was unknown.

Methods

1826 adults were recruited in a community-based survey. Each recruited subject submitted at least 10 ml urine and one stool sample; they were also interviewed and filled in a questionnaire.

Results

1826 adults were recruited in a community-based survey. Each recruited subject submitted at least 10 ml urine and one stool sample; they were also interviewed and filled in a questionnaire. The prevalence of S. haematobium was 6.9 % among the adult population. We estimated S. mansoni prevalence as 0.0 %. S. haematobium infection was focally distributed at the village level. The infection was associated with non preference of latrine use – if available, use of open water source for household affairs such as cleaning and also with the history of schistosomiasis treatment. The prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STH) was also reported as high at 7.8 %, and two species were identified; Hymenolepis nana and Giardia lamblia.

Conclusion

Schistosomiasis is a significant health problem among the adult population in Southern Kordofan. The estimated prevalence will serve as a guide in developing a Schistosomiasis Control Program and applying treatment plans.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Abou-Zeid et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1 .

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J: Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6:411-425.
• [2]WHO: Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee WHO Tech Rep Ser No 2002, 912:1-57.
• [3]WHO: The world health report: changing history. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2004.
• [4]King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ: Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 2005, 365:1561-1569.
• [5]Jia TW, Zhou XN, Wang XH, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, Wu XH: Assessment of the age-specific disability weight of chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Bull World Health Organ 2007, 85:458-465.
• [6]Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Ehrlich SS, Sachs JD, Savioli L: Control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med 2007, 57:1018-1027.
• [7]Keiser J, Utzinger J: Advances in the discovery and development of novel trematocidal drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007, 2:9-23.
• [8]WHO: Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Sudan 2008–2013. a Joint Strategy by WHO and Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, WHO; 2009. EM/ARD/032/E
• [9]Federal Ministry of Health: The Sudan Household Health Survey. Report from the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan; 2007.
• [10]Roberto D, Mario C, Claudio B, Otine D, Oyugi V: Montresor A. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni among Children, Southern Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007, 13:1504-1506.
• [11]Kurti I, Othman H: Guidelines for distribution of treatment for Bilharzias and soil transmitted parasites. Federal Ministry of Health guide, National Schistosomiasis Control Program; 2006:6-8.
• [12]Lwanga S, Lemeshow S: Sample size Determination in health studies: a practical manual. World Health, Organization; 1991:2-31.
• [13]Opisa S, Odiere MR, Jura WG, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN: Malacological survey and geographical distribution of vector snails for schistosomiasis within informal settlements of Kisumu City, western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2011, 7:4-226.
• [14]Ahmed A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Choy SH, Ithoi I, Al-Adhroey AH, Abdulsalam AM, Surin J: The burden of moderate-to-heavy soil-transmitted helminth infections among rural malaysian aborigines: an urgent need for an integrated control programme. Parasit Vectors 2011, 30:4-242.
• [15]Sun LP, Liang YS, Wu HH, Tian ZX, Dai JR, Yang K, Hong QB, Zhou XN, Yang GJ: A Google Earth-based surveillance system for schistosomiasis japonica implemented in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Parasit Vectors 2011, 27:4-223.
• [16]Amir MA, Omer AHS: Schistosoma haematobium infection at El Ghorashi Diary farm, Khartoum, Sudan. Sudan Med J 1972, 10:194-201.
• [17]Ahmed ES, Daffalla A, Christensen NO, Madsen H: Patterns of infection and transmission of human schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in White Nile Province, Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996, 90:173-80.
• [18]Kapito-Tembo AP, Mwapasa V, Meshnick SR, Samanyika Y, Banda D, Bowie C, Radke S: Prevalence Distribution and Risk Factors for Schistosoma haematobium Infection among School Children in Blantyre, Malawi. PLOS NTD 2009, 3:1-8.
• [19]Richer M, Ruiz JA, Brooker S, Kolaczinski JH: Neglected Tropical Diseases And Their Control In Southern Sudan Situation Analysis, Intervention Options Appraisal And Gap Analysis. Ministry of Health, Government of Southern Sudan: Soil Transmitted Helminths (STHs). 2008. http://www.malariaconsortium.org/userfiles/file/NTD%20Resources/ntds_southern_sudan%5B1%5D.pdf webcite
• [20]Gazzinelli A, Velasquez-Melendez G, Crawford SB, LoVerde PT, Correa-Oliveira R, et al.: Socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in a poor rural area in Brazil. Acta Trop 2006, 99:260-271.
• [21]de Cassia Ribeiro Silva R, Barreto ML, Assis AM, de Santana ML, Parraga IM, et al.: The relative influence of polyparasitism, environment, and host factors on schistosome infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 77:672-675.
• [22]Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, et al.: Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:443-448.
• [23]Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, et al.: Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western kenya: Implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003, 69:318-323.
• [24]Clennon JA, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, King CH, Kitron U: Spatial and temporal variations in local transmission of schistosoma haematobium in msambweni, kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 75:1034-1041.
• [25]Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M: Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa. Bull World Health Organ 2002, 80:235-242.
• [26]von ST MMA, Utzinger J, N’Goran EK: Control of urinary schistosomiasis: An investigation into the effective use of questionnaires to identify high-risk communities and individuals in Niger state, Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 2000, 5:53-63.