Experimental, therapeutic and natural transmission of Plasmodium vivax tertian malaria: scientific and anecdotal data on the history of Dutch malaria studies

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Jan Peter Verhave¹ 

[1] Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands

关键词: Relapse;    Long latency;    Neurosyphilis;    Experimental infection;    Plasmodium vivax;   

Others  :  1228084
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-6-19

 received in 2012-08-21, accepted in 2013-01-11,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

When Plasmodium vivax tertian malaria was prevalent in The Netherlands, the use of therapeutic malaria for the treatment of neurosyphilis patients presented an opportunity for biological studies of the parasite’s behaviour, in healthy volunteers. One unexplained phenomenon was the long latency between natural exposure to a single infected mosquito and the appearance of clinical signs (average 8 months). Dutch studies with volunteers and syphilis patients, suggested that hundreds of sporozoites transmitted by several mosquito bites were enough to provoke an early attack, known from tropical vivax-malaria. Sporozoites appeared to be programmed either to delay their pre-erythrocytic development or to proceed to an early attack within three weeks. The number of infectious bites also determined the relapse rate and the number of relapses after a primary attack. Analyses of primary cases and relapses from the previous year were used to predict the incidence for the next year. These historic findings fit well with recent studies on genotyping of blood stages during primary attacks and relapses. External factors (i.e. the milieu inside the human host) may trigger hypnozoites to reactivate, but predetermined periods of latency should also be considered.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Verhave; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Verhave JP: The Dutch School of Malaria Research. Parassitologia 1987, 29:263-274. see also ref. 13
• [2]Korteweg PC: De aanvangskoorts der malaria tertiana. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1924, 68(I):1622-1638. disc.: II, 592
• [3]Korteweg PC: What is the normal type of fever in the primary cases of benign tertian malaria? Is it tertian or quotidian. J Trop Med 1931, 34:129. ibid. in Dutch, Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1931, 75(II)1750.
• [4]Korteweg PC, Swellengrebel NH: Wanneer heeft ten onzent malariabesmetting plaats. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1921, 65:1485-1486.
• [5]Verhave JP: The Moses of Malaria; Nicolaas H. Swellengrebel (1885–1970), Abroad and at Home. Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing; 2011.
• [6]Korteweg PC: Klinische observaties over malaria in den winter van 1901-'02. Herinneringsbundel Prof. Rosenstein. Leiden: E. IJdo; 1902:263-281.
• [7]Korteweg PC: Die epidemiologische Bedeutung der Neuinfektionen mit malaria tertiana im Herbst. Zeitschr Hyg Infektionskrankh 1929, 110(4):724-731.
• [8]Korteweg PC: Malaria tertiana met lange latentie. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1926, 70(I):2411.
• [9]White NJ: Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malaria J 2011, 10:297. BioMed Central Full Text
• [10]Schüffner WAP, Korteweg PC, Swellengrebel NH: Proefondervindelijke malaria met lange latentie. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1929, 73:4622-4629.
• [11]Ibidem: Experimental malaria with protracted incubation. Proc Roy Acad Sciences Amsterdam 1929, 32:903-911.
• [12]Swellengrebel NH, Swellengrebel-de Graaf JMH, De Buck A: Le paludisme aux Pays-Bas, contracté en automne, ne se manifeste que pendant l'été suivant. Bull Soc Path Exot 1929, 22:642-645.
• [13]Swellengrebel NH, de Buck A: Malaria in The Netherlands. Amsterdam: Scheltema & Holkema; 1938.
• [14]de Buck A: Infection experiments with quartan malaria. Ann Trop Med Par 1935, 29:171-175.
• [15]Korteweg PC: Waarnemingen bij kunstmatig opgewekte malaria. Verschillende stammen van Plasmodium vivax. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1933, 77(IV):4547-4570.
• [16]Brumpt E: presented Korteweg’s results in a table. In Malariology. Edited by Boyd M. Philadelphia and London: Saunders; 1949:104.
• [17]Swellengrebel NH: Report on a small experimental epidemic of benign tertian malaria started in September 1931 and followed up till January 1933. Proc Roy Acad Sciences Amsterdam 1933, 36:234-239.
• [18]Winckel CWF: Long latency in Plasmodium vivax infections in a temperate zone. Doc Med Geogr Trop 1955, 7:292-298.
• [19]de Buck A: Some results of six years’ mosquito infection work. Am J Hyg 1936, 24:1-18.
• [20]Rosenberg R, Rungsiwongse J: The number of sporozoites produced per individual malaria oocyst. AmJTrop Med Hyg 1991, 45(5):574-577.
• [21]Coatney GR: Relapse in malaria –an enigma. J Parasitol 1976, 62:3-9.
• [22]Schilling C: Zur Epidemiologie der Malaria. Zeitschr Hyg Infektionskrankh 1929, 110:120-125.
• [23]Korteweg PC: Gameten-onderzoekingen bij malaria tertiana. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1922, 66(II):846-849. Interestingly, when counting gametocytes in thick smears, Korteweg, de Buck and Swellengrebel registered exclusively males, because of the large red-stained nucleus, and the difficulty of differentiating female forms from maturing asexual trophozoites
• [24]Piebenga PJ: De malaria-epidemieën in het Geneeskundig Gesticht te Franeker en de gunstige invloed der chinoplasminebehandeling. (with abstr. in French, English and German). Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1932, 76:1564-1578.
• [25]Baird JK: Neglect of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Trends Parasitol 2007, 23(11):533-539.
• [26]Shute PG: Latency and long-term relapses in benign tertian malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1946, 40:189-200.
• [27]Shute PG, et al.: A strain of Plasmodium vivax characterized by predominately prolonged incubation; The effect of numbers of sporozoites on the length of the pre-patent period. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976, 70:474-481.
• [28]Tiburskaja NA, et al.: Dates of onset of relapses and the duration of infection in induced tertian malaria with short and long incubation periods. Bulletin WHO 1968, 38:447-457.
• [29]Garnham PCC: Hypnozoites and 'relapses' in Plasmodium vivax and in vivax-like malaria. Trop Geogr Med 1988, 40:187-195. Swellengrebel lecture
• [30]Winckel CWF: Is provocatie van een malaria-aanval mogelijk? Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 1941, 85:2947-2955.
• [31]Huldén L, Huldén L, Heliövaara K: Natural relapses in vivax malaria induced by Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria J 2008, 7:64. BioMed Central Full Text
• [32]Paul REL, Diallo M, Brey PT: Mosquitoes and transmission of malaria parasites – not just vectors. Malaria J 2004, 3:39. BioMed Central Full Text
• [33]Imwong M, et al.: Relapses of Plasmodium vivax infection usually result from activation of heterologous hypnozoites. J Infect Dis 2007, 195:927-933.
• [34]Van den Eede P, et al.: High complexity of Plasmodium vivax infections in symptomatic patients from a rural community in Central Vietnam detected by microsatellite genotyping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010, 82:223-227.
• [35]Chen N, et al.: Relapses of Plasmodium vivax infection result from clonal hypnozoites activated at predetermined intervals. J Infect Dis 2007, 195:934-941.