Molecular detection of Setaria tundra (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in Germany

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Andreas Krüger¹  Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit⁴  Hanna Jöst²  Sven Poppert³  Norbert Becker²  Christina Czajka² 

[1] Department of Tropical Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;Department of Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany;Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany

关键词: Germany;    mtDNA marker;    Setaria tundra;    filariae;    Culicidae;   

Others  :  1233121
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-5-14

 received in 2011-10-26, accepted in 2012-01-11,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Knowledge of the potential vector role of Culicidae mosquitoes in Germany is very scanty, and until recently it was generally assumed that they are not involved in the transmission of anthroponotic or zoonotic pathogens in this country. However, anticipated changes in the course of global warming and globalization may alter their status.

Methods

We conducted a molecular mass screening of mosquitoes for filarial parasites using mitochondrial 12S rRNA-based real-time PCR.

Results

No parasites causing disease in humans such as Dirofilaria spp. were detected in about 83,000 mosquitoes tested, which had been collected in 2009 and 2010 in 16 locations throughout Germany. However, minimum infection rates of up to 24 per 1000 mosquitoes were revealed, which could be attributed to mosquito infection with Setaria tundra and a yet unidentified second parasite. Setaria tundra was found to be widespread in southern Germany in various mosquito species, except Culex spp. In contrast, the unidentified filarial species was exclusively found in Culex spp. in northern Baden-Württemberg, and is likely to be a bird parasite.

Conclusions

Although dirofilariasis appears to be emerging and spreading in Europe, the absence of Dirofilaria spp. or other zoonotic filariae in our sample allows the conclusion that the risk of autochthonous infection in Germany is still very low. Potential vectors of S. tundra in Germany are Ochlerotatus sticticus, Oc. cantans, Aedes vexans and Anopheles claviger. Technically, the synergism between entomologists, virologists and parasitologists, combined with state-of-the-art methods allows a very efficient near-real-time monitoring of a wide spectrum of both human and veterinary pathogens, including new distribution records of parasite species and the incrimination of their potential vectors.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Czajka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Morales-Hojas R: Molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology. Infect Genet Evol 2009, 9:748-759.
• [2]Krauss H, Weber A, Appel M, Enders B, Isenberg HD, Schiefer HG, Slenczka W, Graevenitz von A, Zahner H: Zoonoses: infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
• [3]Muller R: Worms and human disease. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2002.
• [4]Otranto D, Diniz DG, Dantas-Torres F, Casiraghi M, de Almeida IN, de Almeida LN, dos Santos JN, Furtado AP, de Almeida Sobrinho EF, Bain O: Human intraocular filariasis caused by Dirofilaria sp. Nematode, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17:863-866.
• [5]Otranto D, Sakru N, Testini G, Gürlü VP, Yakar K, Lia RP, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O: Case report: First evidence of human zoonotic infection by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 84:55-58.
• [6]Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors 2011, 4:41. BioMed Central Full Text
• [7]Pampiglione S, Rivasi F: Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. In Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat and human infections. Edited by Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G. Naples: Rolando Editore; 2007:81-116. [Cringoli G (Series Editor) Mappe Parassitologiche, vol 8.]
• [8]Pantchev N, Norden N, Lorentzen L, Rossi M, Rossi U, Brand B, Dyachenko V: Current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in dogs in Germany. Parasitol Res 2009, 105:S63-S74.
• [9]Sassnau R, Dyachenko V, Pantchev N, Stöckel F, Dittmar K, Daugschies A: Dirofilaria-repens-Befall in einem Schlittenhunde-Rudel im Land Brandenburg. Tierärztl Prax 2009, 37(K):95-101.
• [10]Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F: Dirofilarial infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011, 11:1307-1317.
• [11]Bain O, Chabaud AG: Atlas des larves infestantes de Filaires. Trop Med Parasitol 1986, 37:301-40.
• [12]Anderson RC: Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2000.
• [13]Severson DW: Applications of molecular marker analysis to mosquito vector competence. Parasitol Today 1994, 10:336-340.
• [14]McManus DP, Bowles J: Molecular genetic approaches to parasite identification: their value in diagnostic parasitology and systematics. Int J Parasitol 1996, 26:687-704.
• [15]Chambers EW, McClintock SK, Avery MF, King JD, Bradley MH, Schmaedick MA, Lammie PJ, Burkot TR: Xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from American Samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with dissection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 80:774-781.
• [16]Manrique-Saide P, Escobedo-Ortegón J, Bolio-González M, Sauri-Arceo C, Dzib-Florez S, Guillermo-May G, Ceh-Pavía E, Lenhart A: Incrimination of the mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus, as the primary vector of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in coastal Yucatan, Mexico. Med Vet Entomol 2010, 24:456-460.
• [17]Ferri E, Bain O, Barbuto M, Martin C, Lo N, Uni S, Landmann F, Baccei SG, Guerrero R, de Souza Lima S, Bandi C, Wanji S, Diagne M, Casiraghi M: New insights into the evolution of Wolbachia infections in filarial nematodes inferred from a large range of screened species. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e20843.
• [18]Schulz-Key H: Untersuchungen über die Filarien der Cerviden in Süddeutschland. 2. Die Filarien des Rothirsches. Tropenmed Parasit 1975, 26:348-358.
• [19]Zahner S, Schulz-Key H: Rinderonchozerkose in Süddeutschland: Verteilung der Mikrofilarien in ihrem Wirtshabitat. Mitt Österr Ges Trop Med Parasit 1990, 12:87-94.
• [20]Jelinek T, Schulte-Hillen J, Löscher T: Human dirofilariasis. Int J Dermatol 1996, 35:872-875.
• [21]Büttner K: Untersuchungen zur Parasitierung des Rehwildes bei steigendem Jagddruck. Z Jagdwiss 1978, 24:139-155.
• [22]Hamel D, Axt H, Pfister K: First report on Parafilaria bovicola (Nematoda: Filaroidea) in Germany. Res Vet Sci 2010, 89:209-211.
• [23]Schulz-Key H: Untersuchungen über die Filarien der Cerviden in Süddeutschland. 3. Die Filarien des Rehes (Capreolus capreolus) und des Damhirsches (Dama dama). Tropenmed Parasit 1975, 26:494-498.
• [24]Schulz-Key H, Wenk P: The transmission of Onchocerca tarsicola (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) by Odagmia ornata and Prosimulium nigripes (Diptera: Simuliidae). J Helminthol 1981, 55:161-166.
• [25]Fukuda M, Takaoka H, Uni S, Bain O: Infective larvae of five Onchocerca species from experimentally infected Simulium species in an area of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan. Parasite 2008, 15:111-119.
• [26]Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Uni S, Bain O, Takaoka H: Molecular identification of infective larvae of three species of Onchocerca found in wild-caught females of Simulium bidentatum in Japan. Parasite 2010, 17:39-45.
• [27]Cancrini G, Gabrielli S: Vectors of Dirofilaria nematodes: biology, behaviour and host/parasite relationships. In Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat and human infections. Edited by Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G. Naples: Rolando Editore; 2007:47-59. [Cringoli G (Series Editor) Mappe Parassitologiche, vol 8.]
• [28]Laaksonen S, Solismaa M, Kortet R, Kuusela J, Oksanen A: Vectors and transmission dynamics for Setaria tundra (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in Finland. Parasit Vectors 2009, 2:3. BioMed Central Full Text
• [29]Jöst H, Bialonski A, Storch V, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J: Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Sindbis viruses from mosquitoes in Germany. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:1900-1903.
• [30]Jöst H, Bialonski A, Schmetz C, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J: Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Batai virus, Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 84:241-243.
• [31]Jöst H, Bialonski A, Maus D, Sambri V, Eiden M, Groschup MH, Günther S, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J: Isolation of Usutu virus in Germany. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 85:551-553.
• [32]Becker N, Petrić D, Zgomba M, Boase C, Madon M, Dahl C, Kaiser A: Mosquitoes and their control. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2010.
• [33]Krueger A, Fischer P, Morales-Hojas R: Molecular phylogeny of the filaria genus Onchocerca with special emphasis on Afrotropical human and bovine parasites. Acta Trop 2007, 101:1-14.
• [34]Casiraghi M, Anderson TJC, Bandi C, Bazzocchi C, Genchi C: A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology 2001, 122:93-103.
• [35]Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG: ClustalW and ClustalX version 2.0. Bioinformatics 2007, 23:2947-2948.
• [36]Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011, 28:2731-2739.
• [37]Rehbein S, Lutz W, Visser M, Winter R: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Parasitenfauna des Wildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 1. Der Endoparasitenbefall des Rehwildes. Z Jagdwiss 2000, 46:248-269.
• [38]Böhm LK, Supperer R: Untersuchungen über Setarien (Nematoda) bei heimischen Wiederkäuern und deren Beziehung zur "Epizootischen Cerebrospinalen Nematodiasis" (Setariosis). Z Parasitenk 1955, 17:165-174.
• [39]Kutzer E, Hinaidy HK: Die Parasiten der wildlebenden Wiederkäuer Österreichs. Z Parasitenk 1969, 32:354-368.
• [40]Favia G, Cancrini G, Ferroglio E, Casiraghi M, Ricci I, Rossi L: Molecular assay for the identification of Setaria tundra. Vet Parasitol 2003, 117:139-145.
• [41]Laaksonen S, Solismaa M, Orro T, Kuusela J, Saari S, Kortet R, Nikander S, Oksanen A, Sukura A: Setaria tundra microfilariae in reindeer and other cervids in Finland. Parasitol Res 2009, 104:257-265.
• [42]Laaksonen S, Kuusela J, Nikander S, Nylund M, Oksanen A: Outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in Finland. Vet Rec 2007, 160:835-841.
• [43]Guildal JA, Settnes OP: Peritracheal filariosis in a pigeon caused by Pelecitus clava (Wedl, 1856). Nord Vet Med 1968, 20:68-70.
• [44]López-Caballero EJ: Chandlerella hispanica n. sp., filarial parasita de los zoozales. Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat 1974, 72:145-151.
• [45]López-Caballero EJ: Study on microfilariae, 1: The microfilaria of Cardofilaria pavlovskyi Strom, 1937. (Nematoda: Filarioidea). Rev Iber Parasitol 1982, 42:57-69.
• [46]Bartlett CM, Greiner EC: A revision of Pelecitus Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Filarioidea, Dirofilariinae) and evidence for the capture by mammals of filarioids from birds. Bull Mus natn Hist nat Paris 4th ser 1986, 8:47-99.
• [47]Krone O: Endoparasiten (Faunistik, Epizootiologie, Pathogenität) bei wildlebenden Greifvögeln aus drei verschiedenen Gebieten Deutschlands. J Ornithol 1999, 140:213-214.
• [48]Haas M, Baruš V, Benedikt V, Literák I: Microfilariae in birds in the Czech Republic, including a note on adult nematodes Eufilaria delicata in a song thrush Turdus philomelos. Parasitol Res 2011, 109:645-55.
• [49]Fauna Europaea [http://www.faunaeur.org] webcite
• [50]Okulewicz A: Pasożytnicze nicienie Sikor (Paridae) w Polsce. Wiad Parazytol 1991, 37:491-498.
• [51]Kummerfeld N, Daugschies A: Filarien (Pelecitus sp., Chandlerella sp.) bei Blaustirnamazonen (Amazona aestiva) und Alexandersittich (Psittacula eupatria). Kleintierpraxis 1989, 34:521-524.
• [52]Dissanaike AS, Fernando MA: Cardiofilaria nilesi n.sp., recovered from a chicken experimentally infected with infective larvae from Mansonia crassipes. J Helminthol 1965, 39:151-158.
• [53]Bartlett CM: Filarioid nematodes. In Parasitic diseases of wild birds. Edited by Atkinson CT, Thomas NJ, Hunter DB. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:439-462.