Vitamin D - roles in women's reproductive health?

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology

Frauke von Versen-Höynck¹  Magdalena Grundmann¹ 

[1] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

关键词: pregnancy;    fertility;    reproduction;    women's health;    vitamin D;   

Others  :  1151307
DOI  :  10.1186/1477-7827-9-146

 received in 2011-09-13, accepted in 2011-11-02,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

In the past few years a growing interest in vitamin D can be observed in the lay and biomedical literature due to findings demonstrating a low vitamin D status in the population. In addition to its importance for the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis recent epidemiologic studies have observed relationships between low vitamin D levels and multiple disease states. This secosteroid hormone also regulates the expression of a large number of genes in reproductive tissues implicating a role for vitamin D in female reproduction. In this report we summarize the recent evidence that vitamin D status influences female reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. Human and animal data suggest that low vitamin D status is associated with impaired fertility, endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. Evidence from observational studies shows higher rates of preeclampsia, preterm birth, bacterial vaginosis and gestational diabetes in women with low vitamin D levels. However, confirmation of experimental observations establishing an association of vitamin D deficiency with adverse reproductive outcomes by high quality observational and large-scale randomized clinical trials is still lacking. The determination of optimal 25(OH)D3 levels in the reproductive period and the amount of vitamin D supplementation required to achieve those levels for the numerous actions of vitamin D throughout a woman's life would have important public health implications.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Grundmann and von Versen-Höynck; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Alpert PT, Shaikh U: The effects of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency on the endocrine and paracrine systems. Biol Res Nurs 2007, 9(2):117-129.
• [2]Jones G, Strugnell SA, DeLuca HF: Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 1998, 78(4):1193-1231.
• [3]Holick MF: Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol 2009, 19(2):73-78.
• [4]Zerwekh JE: Blood biomarkers of vitamin D status. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87(4):1087S-1091S.
• [5]Holick MF: Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(3):266-281.
• [6]Hollis BW: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 2005, 135(2):317-322.
• [7]Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R: Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16(7):713-716.
• [8]Nutrition and bone health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D. Report of the Subgroup on Bone Health, Working Group on the Nutritional Status of the Population of the Committee on Medical Aspects of the Food Nutrition Policy Rep Health Soc Subj (Lond) 1998, 49:iii-xvii. 1-24
• [9]Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM: High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr 2007, 137(2):447-452.
• [10]Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study. Br J Nutr 2009, 102(6):876-881.
• [11]Johnson DD, Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, McNeil RB, Ebeling M, Hollis BW: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common during pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 2011, 28(1):7-12.
• [12]Datta S, Alfaham M, Davies DP, Dunstan F, Woodhead S, Evans J, Richards B: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population--an interventional study. BJOG 2002, 109(8):905-908.
• [13]Heaney RP: Vitamin D in health and disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3(5):1535-1541.
• [14]Perez-Lopez FR, Chedraui P, Fernandez-Alonso AM: Vitamin D and aging: beyond calcium and bone metabolism. Maturitas 2011, 69(1):27-36.
• [15]Mannion CA, Gray-Donald K, Koski KG: Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight. CMAJ 2006, 174(9):1273-1277.
• [16]Lewis S, Lucas RM, Halliday J, Ponsonby AL: Vitamin D deficiency and pregnancy: From preconception to birth. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010, 54:1092-1102.
• [17]Lucas RM, Ponsonby AL, Pasco JA, Morley R: Future health implications of prenatal and early-life vitamin D status. Nutr Rev 2008, 66(12):710-720.
• [18]Perez-Lopez FR: Vitamin D: the secosteroid hormone and human reproduction. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007, 23(1):13-24.
• [19]Kinuta K, Tanaka H, Moriwake T, Aya K, Kato S, Seino Y: Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonads. Endocrinology 2000, 141(4):1317-1324.
• [20]Hurley WL, Doane RM: Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. J Dairy Sci 1989, 72(3):784-804.
• [21]Vigano P, Lattuada D, Mangioni S, Ermellino L, Vignali M, Caporizzo E, Panina-Bordignon P, Besozzi M, Di Blasio AM: Cycling and early pregnant endometrium as a site of regulated expression of the vitamin D system. J Mol Endocrinol 2006, 36(3):415-424.
• [22]Rojansky N, Brzezinski A, Schenker JG: Seasonality in human reproduction: an update. Hum Reprod 1992, 7(6):735-745.
• [23]Dokoh S, Donaldson CA, Marion SL, Pike JW, Haussler MR: The ovary: a target organ for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1983, 112(1):200-206.
• [24]Halloran BP, DeLuca HF: Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat. J Nutr 1980, 110(8):1573-1580.
• [25]Panda DK, Miao D, Tremblay ML, Sirois J, Farookhi R, Hendy GN, Goltzman D: Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha -hydroxylase enzyme: evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(13):7498-7503.
• [26]Yoshizawa T, Handa Y, Uematsu Y, Takeda S, Sekine K, Yoshihara Y, Kawakami T, Arioka K, Sato H, Uchiyama Y, Masushige S, Fukamizu A, Matsumoto T, Kato S: Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning. Nat Genet 1997, 16(4):391-396.
• [27]Sun W, Xie H, Ji J, Zhou X, Goltzman D, Miao D: Defective female reproductive function in 1,25(OH)2D-deficient mice results from indirect effect mediated by extracellular calcium and/or phosphorus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 299(6):E928-935.
• [28]Johnson LE, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D receptor null mutant mice fed high levels of calcium are fertile. J Nutr 2001, 131(6):1787-1791.
• [29]Potashnik G, Lunenfeld E, Levitas E, Itskovitz J, Albutiano S, Yankowitz N, Sonin Y, Levy J, Glezerman M, Shany S: The relationship between endogenous oestradiol and vitamin D3 metabolites in serum and follicular fluid during ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1992, 7(10):1357-1360.
• [30]Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, Marz W, Obermayer-Pietsch B: Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010, 73(2):243-248.
• [31]Ozkan S, Jindal S, Greenseid K, Shu J, Zeitlian G, Hickmon C, Pal L: Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010, 94(4):1314-1319.
• [32]Anifandis GM, Dafopoulos K, Messini CI, Chalvatzas N, Liakos N, Pournaras S, Messinis IE: Prognostic value of follicular fluid 25-OH vitamin D and glucose levels in the IVF outcome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010, 8:91.
• [33]Aleyasin A, Hosseini MA, Mahdavi A, Safdarian L, Fallahi P, Mohajeri MR, Abbasi M, Esfahani F: Predictive value of the level of vitamin D in follicular fluid on the outcome of assisted reproductive technology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011, in press.
• [34]Estes SJ, Ye B, Qiu W, Cramer D, Hornstein MD, Missmer SA: A proteomic analysis of IVF follicular fluid in women < or = 32 years old. Fertil Steril 2009, 92(5):1569-1578.
• [35]Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Hum Reprod 2004, 19(1):41-47.
• [36]Yildizhan R, Kurdoglu M, Adali E, Kolusari A, Yildizhan B, Sahin HG, Kamaci M: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009, 280(4):559-563.
• [37]Wehr E, Pilz S, Schweighofer N, Giuliani A, Kopera D, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B: Association of hypovitaminosis D with metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2009, 161(4):575-582.
• [38]Li HW, Brereton RE, Anderson RA, Wallace AM, Ho CK: Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with metabolic risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2011, 60(10):1475-1481.
• [39]Wehr E, Trummer O, Giuliani A, Gruber HJ, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B: Vitamin D-associated polymorphisms are related to insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 164(5):741-749.
• [40]Ranjzad F, Mahban A, Irani Shemirani A, Mahmoudi T, Vahedi M, Nikzamir A, Zali MR: Influence of gene variants related to calcium homeostasis on biochemical parameters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010, 28:225-232.
• [41]Ranjzad F, Mahmoudi T, Irani Shemirani A, Mahban A, Nikzamir A, Vahedi M, Ashrafi M, Gourabi H: A common variant in the adiponectin gene and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. Mol Biol Rep 2011, in press.
• [42]Mahmoudi T: Genetic variation in the vitamin D receptor and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. Fertil Steril 2009, 92(4):1381-1383.
• [43]Chiu KC, Chuang LM, Yoon C: The vitamin D receptor polymorphism in the translation initiation codon is a risk factor for insulin resistance in glucose tolerant Caucasians. BMC Med Genet 2001, 2:2.
• [44]Rashidi B, Haghollahi F, Shariat M, Zayerii F: The effects of calcium-vitamin D and metformin on polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 48(2):142-147.
• [45]Thys-Jacobs S, Donovan D, Papadopoulos A, Sarrel P, Bilezikian JP: Vitamin D and calcium dysregulation in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Steroids 1999, 64(6):430-435.
• [46]Kotsa K, Yavropoulou MP, Anastasiou O, Yovos JG: Role of vitamin D treatment in glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009, 92(3):1053-1058.
• [47]Selimoglu H, Duran C, Kiyici S, Ersoy C, Guclu M, Ozkaya G, Tuncel E, Erturk E, Imamoglu S: The effect of vitamin D replacement therapy on insulin resistance and androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2010, 33(4):234-238.
• [48]Wehr E, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B: Effect of vitamin D3 treatment on glucose metabolism and menstrual frequency in PCOS women-a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest 2011, in press.
• [49]Hahn S, Haselhorst U, Tan S, Quadbeck B, Schmidt M, Roesler S, Kimmig R, Mann K, Janssen OE: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006, 114(10):577-583.
• [50]Panidis D, Balaris C, Farmakiotis D, Rousso D, Kourtis A, Balaris V, Katsikis I, Zournatzi V, Diamanti-Kandarakis E: Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Chem 2005, 51(9):1691-1697.
• [51]Mahmoudi T, Gourabi H, Ashrafi M, Yazdi RS, Ezabadi Z: Calciotropic hormones, insulin resistance, and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010, 93(4):1208-1214.
• [52]Foss YJ: Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity. Med Hypotheses 2009, 72(3):314-321.
• [53]Agic A, Xu H, Altgassen C, Noack F, Wolfler MM, Diedrich K, Friedrich M, Taylor RN, Hornung D: Relative expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor, vitamin D 1 alpha-hydroxylase, vitamin D 24-hydroxylase, and vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in endometriosis and gynecologic cancers. Reprod Sci 2007, 14(5):486-497.
• [54]Somigliana E, Panina-Bordignon P, Murone S, Di Lucia P, Vercellini P, Vigano P: Vitamin D reserve is higher in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2007, 22(8):2273-2278.
• [55]Hartwell D, Rodbro P, Jensen SB, Thomsen K, Christiansen C: Vitamin D metabolites--relation to age, menopause and endometriosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990, 50(2):115-121.
• [56]Vilarino FL, Bianco B, Lerner TG, Teles JS, Mafra FA, Christofolini DM, Barbosa CP: Analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in women with and without endometriosis. Hum Immunol 2011, 72(4):359-363.
• [57]Borkowski J, Gmyrek GB, Madej JP, Nowacki W, Goluda M, Gabrys M, Stefaniak T, Chelmonska-Soyta A: Serum and peritoneal evaluation of vitamin D-binding protein in women with endometriosis. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2008, 62:103-109.
• [58]Faserl K, Golderer G, Kremser L, Lindner H, Sarg B, Wildt L, Seeber B: Polymorphism in vitamin D-binding protein as a genetic risk factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96(1):E233-241.
• [59]Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M: Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2005, 365(9461):785-799.
• [60]Roberts JM, Lain KY: Recent Insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2002, 23(5):359-372.
• [61]Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Roberts JM: Racial/ethnic differences in the monthly variation of preeclampsia incidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 196(4):324 e321-325.
• [62]TePoel MR, Saftlas AF, Wallis AB: Association of seasonality with hypertension in pregnancy: a systematic review. J Reprod Immunol 2011, 89(2):140-152.
• [63]Seely EW, Wood RJ, Brown EM, Graves SW: Lower serum ionized calcium and abnormal calciotropic hormone levels in preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 74(6):1436-1440.
• [64]Bourges H, Halhali A: Hypothesis to explain the association between hypocalciuria and low circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in preeclampsia. Med Hypotheses 1993, 41(3):239-243.
• [65]Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM: Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(9):3517-3522.
• [66]Halhali A, Tovar AR, Torres N, Bourges H, Garabedian M, Larrea F: Preeclampsia is associated with low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal and umbilical cord compartments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(5):1828-1833.
• [67]August P, Marcaccio B, Gertner JM, Druzin ML, Resnick LM, Laragh JH: Abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 166(4):1295-1299.
• [68]Robinson CJ, Alanis MC, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Johnson DD: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, 203(4):366 e361-366.
• [69]Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA, Espinola JA, Stuebe AM: A Nested Case-Control Study of Midgestation Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Severe Preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95(11):5105-5109.
• [70]Robinson CJ, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Baatz JE, Johnson DD: Maternal vitamin D and fetal growth in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011, 204(6):556 e551-554.
• [71]Ringrose JS, PausJenssen AM, Wilson M, Blanco L, Ward H, Wilson TW: Vitamin D and hypertension in pregnancy. Clin Invest Med 2011, 34(3):E147-154.
• [72]Lalau JD, Jans I, el Esper N, Bouillon R, Fournier A: Calcium metabolism, plasma parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol in transient hypertension of pregnancy. Am J Hypertens 1993, 6(6 Pt 1):522-527.
• [73]Halhali A, Villa AR, Madrazo E, Soria MC, Mercado E, Diaz L, Avila E, Garabedian M, Larrea F: Longitudinal changes in maternal serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and insulin like growth factor I levels in pregnant women who developed preeclampsia: comparison with normotensive pregnant women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004, 89-90(1-5):553-556.
• [74]Shand AW, Nassar N, Von Dadelszen P, Innis SM, Green TJ: Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2010, 117(13):1593-1598.
• [75]Powe CE, Seely EW, Rana S, Bhan I, Ecker J, Karumanchi SA, Thadhani R: First trimester vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and subsequent preeclampsia. Hypertension 2010, 56(4):758-763.
• [76]Olsen SF, Secher NJ: A possible preventive effect of low-dose fish oil on early delivery and pre-eclampsia: indications from a 50-year-old controlled trial. Br J Nutr 1990, 64(3):599-609.
• [77]Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Trogstad L, Alexander J, Roth C, Magnus P, Meltzer HM: Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology 2009, 20(5):720-726.
• [78]Marya RK, Rathee S, Manrow M: Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1987, 24(1):38-42.
• [79]Hypponen E, Hartikainen AL, Sovio U, Jarvelin MR, Pouta A: Does vitamin D supplementation in infancy reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia? Eur J Clin Nutr 2007, 61(9):1136-1139.
• [80]Hewison M: Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010, 39(2):365-379. table of contents
• [81]Liu NQ, Kaplan AT, Lagishetty V, Ouyang YB, Ouyang Y, Simmons CF, Equils O, Hewison M: Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J Immunol 2011, 186(10):5968-5974.
• [82]Barrera D, Avila E, Hernandez G, Mendez I, Gonzalez L, Halhali A, Larrea F, Morales A, Diaz L: Calcitriol affects hCG gene transcription in cultured human syncytiotrophoblasts. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008, 6:3.
• [83]Kovacs CS: Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88(2):520S-528S.
• [84]Delvin EE, Arabian A, Glorieux FH, Mamer OA: In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by isolated cells from human decidua. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 60(5):880-885.
• [85]Diaz L, Arranz C, Avila E, Halhali A, Vilchis F, Larrea F: Expression and activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase are restricted in cultures of human syncytiotrophoblast cells from preeclamptic pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87(8):3876-3882.
• [86]Evans KN, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD, Hewison M: Vitamin D and placental-decidual function. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2004, 11(5):263-271.
• [87]Saito S, Sakai M: Th1/Th2 balance in preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2003, 59(2):161-173.
• [88]Lemire JM, Archer DC, Beck L, Spiegelberg HL: Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 1995, 125(6 Suppl):1704S-1708S.
• [89]Diaz L, Noyola-Martinez N, Barrera D, Hernandez G, Avila E, Halhali A, Larrea F: Calcitriol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cytokines in human trophoblasts. J Reprod Immunol 2009, 81(1):17-24.
• [90]Cardus A, Panizo S, Encinas M, Dolcet X, Gallego C, Aldea M, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates VEGF production through a vitamin D response element in the VEGF promoter. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204(1):85-89.
• [91]Damm P, Kuhl C, Bertelsen A, Molsted-Pedersen L: Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 167(3):607-616.
• [92]Hirai M, Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, Hirai A, Chiba M, Akai H, Suzuki C, Toyota T: Variations in vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component protein) are associated with fasting plasma insulin levels in Japanese with normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(5):1951-1953.
• [93]Ramos-Lopez E, Kahles H, Weber S, Kukic A, Penna-Martinez M, Badenhoop K, Louwen F: Gestational diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency: genetic contribution of CYP27B1 and CYP2R1 polymorphisms. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008, 10(8):683-685.
• [94]Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B: Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008, 24(1):27-32.
• [95]Soheilykhah S, Mojibian M, Rashidi M, Rahimi-Saghand S, Jafari F: Maternal vitamin D status in gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract 2010, 25(5):524-527.
• [96]Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA: Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2008, 3(11):e3753.
• [97]Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA, Stuebe AM, Boggess KA: First trimester maternal vitamin D status and risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011, in press.
• [98]Clifton-Bligh RJ, McElduff P, McElduff A: Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2008, 25(6):678-684.
• [99]Farrant HJ, Krishnaveni GV, Hill JC, Boucher BJ, Fisher DJ, Noonan K, Osmond C, Veena SR, Fall CH: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Indian mothers but is not associated with gestational diabetes or variation in newborn size. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009, 63(5):646-652.
• [100]Lau SL, Gunton JE, Athayde NP, Byth K, Cheung NW: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Med J Aust 2011, 194(7):334-337.
• [101]Rudnicki PM, Molsted-Pedersen L: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on glucose metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1997, 40(1):40-44.
• [102]Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF: Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94(3):940-945.
• [103]Brunvand L, Shah SS, Bergstrom S, Haug E: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is not associated with obstructed labor. A study among Pakistani women in Karachi. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998, 77(3):303-306.
• [104]Allsworth JE, Peipert JF: Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109(1):114-120.
• [105]Hillier SL: Diagnostic microbiology of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169(2 Pt 2):455-459.
• [106]Lamont RF: Antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth. N Engl J Med 2000, 342(8):581-583.
• [107]Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN: Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with bacterial vaginosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Nutr 2009, 139(6):1157-1161.
• [108]Hensel KJ, Randis TM, Gelber SE, Ratner AJ: Pregnancy-specific association of vitamin D deficiency and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011, 204(1):41 e41-49.
• [109]Davis LM, Chang SC, Mancini J, Nathanson MS, Witter FR, O'Brien KO: Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among pregnant African American adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010, 23(1):45-52.
• [110]Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006, 311(5768):1770-1773.
• [111]Nizet V, Ohtake T, Lauth X, Trowbridge J, Rudisill J, Dorschner RA, Pestonjamasp V, Piraino J, Huttner K, Gallo RL: Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection. Nature 2001, 414(6862):454-457.
• [112]Chesney RW: Vitamin D and The Magic Mountain: the anti-infectious role of the vitamin. J Pediatr 2010, 156(5):698-703.
• [113]Muller K, Diamant M, Bendtzen K: Inhibition of production and function of interleukin-6 by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Immunol Lett 1991, 28(2):115-120.
• [114]Helming L, Bose J, Ehrchen J, Schiebe S, Frahm T, Geffers R, Probst-Kepper M, Balling R, Lengeling A: 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent suppressor of interferon gamma-mediated macrophage activation. Blood 2005, 106(13):4351-4358.
• [115]Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, Lieben L, Mathieu C, Demay M: Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 2008, 29(6):726-776.
• [116]Liu N, Kaplan AT, Low J, Nguyen L, Liu GY, Equils O, Hewison M: Vitamin D induces innate antibacterial responses in human trophoblasts via an intracrine pathway. Biol Reprod 2009, 80(3):398-406.
• [117]Delorme AC, Danan JL, Acker MG, Ripoche MA, Mathieu H: In rat uterus 17 beta-estradiol stimulates a calcium-binding protein similar to the duodenal vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Endocrinology 1983, 113(4):1340-1347.
• [118]Tribe RM: Regulation of human myometrial contractility during pregnancy and labour: are calcium homeostatic pathways important? Exp Physiol 2001, 86(2):247-254.
• [119]Morley R, Carlin JB, Pasco JA, Wark JD: Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations and offspring birth size. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(3):906-912.
• [120]Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA, Stuebe AM, Boggess KA: A Nested Case-Control Study of First-Trimester Maternal Vitamin D Status and Risk for Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Am J Perinatol 2010, 95(11):5105-5109.
• [121]Mehta S, Giovannucci E, Mugusi FM, Spiegelman D, Aboud S, Hertzmark E, Msamanga GI, Hunter D, Fawzi WW: Vitamin D status of HIV-infected women and its association with HIV disease progression, anemia, and mortality. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8770.
• [122]Bodnar LM, Simhan HN: The prevalence of preterm birth and season of conception. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008, 22(6):538-545.
• [123]Hollis BW, Wagner CL: Randomized controlled trials to determine the safety of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. In Fourteenth Workshop on Vitamin D. Brugge, Belgium; 2009:134.
• [124]Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carter ND, Cleeve HJ, Maxwell JD, Robinson VP, Winder SM: Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J 1980, 280(6216):751-754.
• [125]Mallet E, Gugi B, Brunelle P, Henocq A, Basuyau JP, Lemeur H: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods. Obstet Gynecol 1986, 68(3):300-304.
• [126]Yu CK, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh TG, Robinson S: Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 70(5):685-690.
• [127]Marya RK, Rathee S, Lata V, Mudgil S: Effects of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1981, 12(3):155-161.
• [128]Akcakus M, Koklu E, Budak N, Kula M, Kurtoglu S, Koklu S: The relationship between birthweight, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and bone mineral status in neonates. Ann Trop Paediatr 2006, 26(4):267-275.
• [129]Prentice A, Jarjou LM, Goldberg GR, Bennett J, Cole TJ, Schoenmakers I: Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and bone mineral accretion of Gambian infants. Acta Paediatr 2009, 98(8):1360-1362.
• [130]Leffelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M: Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Br J Nutr 2010, 104(1):108-117.
• [131]Scholl TO, Chen X: Vitamin D intake during pregnancy: association with maternal characteristics and infant birth weight. Early Hum Dev 2009, 85(4):231-234.
• [132]Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, Godfrey KM, Cooper C: Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62(1):68-77.
• [133]Bowyer L, Catling-Paull C, Diamond T, Homer C, Davis G, Craig ME: Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 70(3):372-377.
• [134]Morley R, Carlin JB, Pasco JA, Wark JD, Ponsonby AL: Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and offspring birth size: effect modification by infant VDR genotype. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009, 63(6):802-804.
• [135]Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, Cooper ME, Parrott MS, Roberts JM, Marazita ML, Simhan HN: Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr 2010, 140(5):999-1006.
• [136]Namgung R, Tsang RC, Lee C, Han DG, Ho ML, Sierra RI: Low total body bone mineral content and high bone resorption in Korean winter-born versus summer-born newborn infants. J Pediatr 1998, 132(3 Pt 1):421-425.
• [137]Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C: Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2006, 367(9504):36-43.
• [138]Mahon P, Harvey N, Crozier S, Inskip H, Robinson S, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Cooper C, Godfrey K: Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25(1):14-19.
• [139]Viljakainen HT, Saarnio E, Hytinantti T, Miettinen M, Surcel H, Makitie O, Andersson S, Laitinen K, Lamberg-Allardt C: Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95(4):1749-1757.
• [140]Brannon PM, Picciano MF: Vitamin d in pregnancy and lactation in humans. Annu Rev Nutr 2011, 31:89-115.
• [141]Dror DK, Allen LH: Vitamin D inadequacy in pregnancy: biology, outcomes, and interventions. Nutr Rev 2010, 68(8):465-477.
• [142]Haggerty LL: Maternal supplementation for prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Breastfeed Med 2011, 6(3):137-144.
• [143]Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C: Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, 202(5):429 e421-429.
• [144]Taylor SN, Wagner CL, Hollis BW: Vitamin D supplementation during lactation to support infant and mother. J Am Coll Nutr 2008, 27(6):690-701.
• [145]Kho AT, Bhattacharya S, Tantisira KG, Carey VJ, Gaedigk R, Leeder JS, Kohane IS, Weiss ST, Mariani TJ: Transcriptomic analysis of human lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181(1):54-63.
• [146]Barker DJ, Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Osmond C: Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31(6):1235-1239.
• [147]Camargo CA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Weiss ST, Gold DR, Kleinman K, Gillman MW: Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85(3):788-795.
• [148]Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, Helms PJ, Seaton A, Weiss ST: Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85(3):853-859.
• [149]Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Kronberg-Kippila C, Ahonen S, Nevalainen J, Veijola R, Pekkanen J, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M, Virtanen SM: Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39(6):875-882.
• [150]Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2003, 29(3):587-593.
• [151]Altschuler EL: Low maternal vitamin D and schizophrenia in offspring. Lancet 2001, 358(9291):1464.
• [152]Mirzaei F, Michels KB, Munger K, O'Reilly E, Chitnis T, Forman MR, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Ascherio A: Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. Ann Neurol 2011, 70(1):30-40.
• [153]Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM: Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001, 358(9292):1500-1503.
• [154]Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK: Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93(6):512-517.
• [155]Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, Joner G: Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring. Diabetologia 2000, 43(9):1093-1098.
• [156]Harris SS: Vitamin D in type 1 diabetes prevention. J Nutr 2005, 135(2):323-325.
• [157]Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Winder NR, Hill JC, Noonan K, Boucher BJ, Karat SC, Fall CH: Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in Indian children: the Mysore Parthenon Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93(3):628-635.
• [158]Fronczak CM, Baron AE, Chase HP, Ross C, Brady HL, Hoffman M, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M, Norris JM: In utero dietary exposures and risk of islet autoimmunity in children. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(12):3237-3242.
• [159]Papandreou D, Malindretos P, Karabouta Z, Rousso I: Possible Health Implications and Low Vitamin D Status during Childhood and Adolescence: An Updated Mini Review. Int J Endocrinol 2010, 2010:472173.
• [160]Lapillonne A: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses 2010, 74(1):71-75.
• [161]Lanham-New SA, Buttriss JL, Miles LM, Ashwell M, Berry JL, Boucher BJ, Cashman KD, Cooper C, Darling AL, Francis RM, Fraser WD, de Groot CP, Hypponen E, Kiely M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Macdonald HM, Martineau AR, Masud T, Mavroeidi A, Nowson C, Prentice A, Stone EM, Reddy S, Vieth R, Williams CM: Proceedings of the rank forum on vitamin d. Br J Nutr 2011, 105(1):144-156.
• [162]Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Mayne ST, Rosen CJ, Shapses SA: The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96(1):53-58.
• [163]Bischoff-Ferrari H: Vitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2009, 23(6):789-795.
• [164]Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, Hathcock J, Giovannucci E, Willett WC: Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int 2010, 21(7):1121-1132.
• [165]Hollis BW, Wagner CL: Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79(5):717-726.
• [166]Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 2011, in press.