World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Anaphylaxis

World Allergy Organization Journal

Bernard Y Thong²  Aziz Sheikh³  Gian Enrico Senna⁵  Mario Sanchez-Borges⁸  Johannes Ring⁷  Dennis K Ledford¹  Yehia M El-Gamal⁶  M Beatrice Bilò^1,10  Ledit RF Ardusso⁹  F Estelle R Simons⁴ 

[1] University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL;Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore;Center for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;The Allergy Unit, Verona General Hospital, Verona, Italy;Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt;Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technology Universitat Muenchen, Munich, Germany;Centro Medico Docente La Trinidad, Caracas, Clinica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela;Cátedra Neumonología, Alergia e Inmunología Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina;Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy

关键词: glucocorticoids;    antihistamines;    epinephrine (adrenaline);    clinical diagnosis;    risk factors;    anaphylaxis;   

Others  :  1145639
DOI  :  10.1097/WOX.0b013e318211496c

【 摘 要 】

The illustrated World Allergy Organization (WAO) Anaphylaxis Guidelines were created in response to absence of global guidelines for anaphylaxis. Uniquely, before they were developed, lack of worldwide availability of essentials for the diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis was documented. They incorporate contributions from more than 100 allergy/immunology specialists on 6 continents. Recommendations are based on the best evidence available, supported by references published to the end of December 2010.

The Guidelines review patient risk factors for severe or fatal anaphylaxis, co-factors that amplify anaphylaxis, and anaphylaxis in vulnerable patients, including pregnant women, infants, the elderly, and those with cardiovascular disease. They focus on the supreme importance of making a prompt clinical diagnosis and on the basic initial treatment that is urgently needed and should be possible even in a low resource environment. This involves having a written emergency protocol and rehearsing it regularly; then, as soon as anaphylaxis is diagnosed, promptly and simultaneously calling for help, injecting epinephrine (adrenaline) intramuscularly, and placing the patient on the back or in a position of comfort with the lower extremities elevated. When indicated, additional critically important steps include administering supplemental oxygen and maintaining the airway, establishing intravenous access and giving fluid resuscitation, and initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation with continuous chest compressions. Vital signs and cardiorespiratory status should be monitored frequently and regularly (preferably, continuously).

The Guidelines briefly review management of anaphylaxis refractory to basic initial treatment. They also emphasize preparation of the patient for self-treatment of anaphylaxis recurrences in the community, confirmation of anaphylaxis triggers, and prevention of recurrences through trigger avoidance and immunomodulation. Novel strategies for dissemination and implementation are summarized. A global agenda for anaphylaxis research is proposed.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 World Allergy Organization; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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