Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial

Nutrition Journal

Yolian Calvo¹  Kristin K Hoddy¹  Jacob M Haus¹  John F Trepanowski¹  Cynthia M Kroeger¹  Monica C Klempel¹  Surabhi Bhutani¹  Krista A Varady¹ 

[1] Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 506 F, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

关键词: Non-obese humans;    Coronary heart disease;    Adipokines;    Blood pressure;    Cholesterol;    Weight loss;    Calorie restriction;    Alternate day fasting;   

Others  :  803240
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-12-146

 received in 2013-07-03, accepted in 2013-11-04,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Alternate day fasting (ADF; ad libitum “feed day”, alternated with 25% energy intake “fast day”), is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese individuals. Whether these effects occur in normal weight and overweight individuals remains unknown. This study examined the effect of ADF on body weight and coronary heart disease risk in non-obese subjects.

Methods

Thirty-two subjects (BMI 20–29.9 kg/m²) were randomized to either an ADF group or a control group for 12 weeks.

Results

Body weight decreased (P < 0.001) by 5.2 ± 0.9 kg (6.5 ± 1.0%) in the ADF group, relative to the control group, by week 12. Fat mass was reduced (P < 0.001) by 3.6 ± 0.7 kg, and fat free mass did not change, versus controls. Triacylglycerol concentrations decreased (20 ± 8%, P < 0.05) and LDL particle size increased (4 ± 1 Å, P < 0.01) in the ADF group relative to controls. CRP decreased (13 ± 17%, P < 0.05) in the ADF group relative to controls at week 12. Plasma adiponectin increased (6 ± 10%, P < 0.01) while leptin decreased (40 ± 7%, P < 0.05) in the ADF group versus controls by the end of the study. LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, homocysteine and resistin concentrations remained unchanged after 12 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that ADF is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in normal weight and overweight adults, though further research implementing larger sample sizes is required before solid conclusion can be reached.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Varady et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Varady KA, Hellerstein MK: Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86:7-13.
• [2]Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC: Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:1138-1143.
• [3]Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA: Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism 2013, 62:137-143.
• [4]Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA: Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013. Epub ahead of print
• [5]Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E: Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:69-73.
• [6]Halberg N, Henriksen M, Söderhamn N, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Schjerling P, Dela F: Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:2128-2136.
• [7]Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO: A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51:241-247.
• [8]Gidding SS, Lichtenstein AH, Faith MS, Karpyn A, Mennella JA, Popkin B, Rowe J, Van Horn L, Whitsel L: Implementing American heart association pediatric and adult nutrition guidelines: a scientific statement from the American heart association nutrition committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity and metabolism, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, council on arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology, council on cardiovascular nursing, council on epidemiology and prevention, and council for high blood pressure research. Circulation 2009, 119:1161-1175.
• [9]Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A: Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000, 24:38-48.
• [10]Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Ip S, Lau J, Balk EM: Comparability of methods for LDL subfraction determination: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2009, 205:342-348.
• [11]Varady KA, Lamarche B: Lipoprint adequately estimates LDL size distribution, but not absolute size, versus polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Lipids 2011, 46:1163-1167.
• [12]Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Fitzgibbon M, Freels S, Varady KA: Dietary and physical activity adaptations to alternate day modified fasting: implications for optimal weight loss. Nutr J 2010, 9:35. BioMed Central Full Text
• [13]Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Aggour E, Calvo Y, Trepanowski JF, Hoddy KK, Varady KA: Effect of exercising while fasting on eating behaviors and food intake. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013, 10(1):50. BioMed Central Full Text
• [14]Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Lamarche B: Improvements in LDL particle size and distribution by short-term alternate day modified fasting in obese adults. Br J Nutr 2011, 105:580-583.
• [15]Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA: Alternate day fasting increases LDL particle size independently of dietary fat content in obese humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013. Epub ahead of print
• [16]Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 56:320-328.
• [17]Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ: Reductions in plasma cytokine levels with weight loss improve insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1699-1705.
• [18]Jae SY, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, et al.: Effects of lifestyle modifications on C-reactive protein: contribution of weight loss and improved aerobic capacity. Metabolism 2006, 55:825-831.
• [19]Kris-Etherton P, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St Jeor S, Bazzarre TL: Nutrition committee population science committee and clinical science committee of the American heart association. AHA science advisory: Lyon diet heart study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001, 103:1823-1825.
• [20]Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G: Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev 2013, 14:183-184.
• [21]Scagliusi FB, Ferriolli E, Pfrimer K, Laureano C, Cunha CS, Gualano B, Lourenço BH, Lancha AH Jr: Characteristics of women who frequently under report their energy intake: a doubly labelled water study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009, 63:1192-1199.
• [22]Nielsen BM, Nielsen MM, Toubro S, Pedersen O, Astrup A, Sørensen TI, Jess T, Heitmann BL: Past and current body size affect validity of reported energy intake among middle-aged Danish men. J Nutr 2009, 139:2337-2343.