期刊论文详细信息
Thrombosis Journal
Assays of different aspects of haemostasis – what do they measure?
Sofia Ramström2  Tomas L Lindahl1  Nahreen Tynngård3 
[1] Department of Clinical Chemistry, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
关键词: Platelet function testing;    Coagulation assays;    Platelets;    Haemostasis;    Coagulation;   
Others  :  1130958
DOI  :  10.1186/s12959-015-0036-2
 received in 2014-10-31, accepted in 2015-01-12,  发布年份 2015
【 摘 要 】

Haemostasis is a complex process affected by many factors including both cellular and plasma components. It is a multistep process starting with platelet adhesion to damaged endothelium and ending in clot fibrinolysis. There are several methods available to study different aspects of haemostasis including adhesion, aggregation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. This review describes the different methods, what aspects of haemostasis they measure and their limitations. Methods discussed include methods to study adhesion (e.g. PFA-100, cone and platelet(let) analyzer and perfusion chambers) and aggregation (e.g. Multiplate, VerifyNow and Plateletworks). Furthermore the principles behind viscoelastic haemostatic assays are presented as well as methods that can analyse aspects of haemostasis in plasma or platelet-rich-plasma samples (thrombin generation, overall haemostasis potential and Thrombodynamics Analyzer).

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Tynngård et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

附件列表
Files Size Format View
Figure 1. 29KB Image download
【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】
  • [1]Tieu BH, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA: Coagulopathy: its pathophysiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg 2007, 31:1055-64.
  • [2]Johansson PI, Ostrowski SR, Secher NH: Management of major blood loss: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010, 54:1039-49.
  • [3]Seyfert UT, Haubelt H, Vogt A, Hellstern P: Variables influencing Multiplate(TM) whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry and turbidimetric platelet aggregation in healthy individuals. Platelets 2007, 18:199-206.
  • [4]Panzer S, Jilma P: Methods for testing platelet function for transfusion medicine. Vox Sang 2011, 101:1-9.
  • [5]van Werkum JW, Harmsze AM, Elsenberg EH, Bouman HJ, ten Berg JM, Hackeng CM: The use of the VerifyNow system to monitor antiplatelet therapy: a review of the current evidence. Platelets 2008, 19:479-88.
  • [6]Campbell J, Ridgway H, Carville D: Plateletworks: a novel point of care platelet function screen. Mol Diagn Ther 2008, 12:253-8.
  • [7]Franchi F, Rollini F, Cho JR, Ferrante E, Angiolillo DJ: Platelet function testing in contemporary clinical and interventional practice. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2014, 16:300.
  • [8]Gorog DA, Fuster V: Platelet function tests in clinical cardiology: unfulfilled expectations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013, 61:2115-29.
  • [9]Harrison P: The role of PFA-100 testing in the investigation and management of haemostatic defects in children and adults. Br J Haematol 2005, 130:3-10.
  • [10]Varon D, Lashevski I, Brenner B, Beyar R, Lanir N, Tamarin I, et al.: Cone and plate(let) analyzer: monitoring glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and von Willebrand disease replacement therapy by testing platelet deposition under flow conditions. Am Heart J 1998, 135:S187-93.
  • [11]Morrison A, Hornsey VS, Prowse CV, Macgregor IR: Use of the DiaMed Impact R to test platelet function in stored platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 2007, 93:166-72.
  • [12]Shenkman B, Savion N, Dardik R, Tamarin I, Varon D: Testing of platelet deposition on polystyrene surface under flow conditions by the cone and plate(let) analyzer: role of platelet activation, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Thromb Res 2000, 99:353-61.
  • [13]Zwaginga JJ, Sakariassen KS, Nash G, King MR, Heemskerk JW, Frojmovic M, et al.: Flow-based assays for global assessment of hemostasis. Part 2: current methods and considerations for the future. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:2716-7. Full paper available at http://www.isth.org/members/group_content_view.asp?group=100344&id=159093
  • [14]Van Kruchten R, Cosemans JM, Heemskerk JW: Measurement of whole blood thrombus formation using parallel-plate flow chambers - a practical guide. Platelets 2012, 23:229-42.
  • [15]Schott U, Johansson PI: II. Bringing flow into haemostasis diagnostics. Br J Anaesth 2013, 111:864-7.
  • [16]Zwaginga JJ, Nash G, King MR, Heemskerk JW, Frojmovic M, Hoylaerts MF, et al.: Flow-based assays for global assessment of hemostasis. Part 1: Biorheologic considerations. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:2486-7. Full paper available at http://www.med.unc.edu/isth
  • [17]Tynngård N, Wallstedt M, Södergren AL, Faxälv L, Ramström S. Platelet adhesion changes during storage studied with a novel method using flow cytometry and protein-coated beads. Platelets. 2014; Early online; doi:10.3109/09537104.2014.891728.
  • [18]Tynngård N, Lindahl T, Ramström S, Berlin G: Effects of different blood components on clot retraction analysed by measuring elasticity with a free oscillating rheometer. Platelets 2006, 17:545-54.
  • [19]Moganasundram S, Hunt BJ, Sykes K, Holton F, Parmar K, Durward A, et al.: The relationship among thromboelastography, hemostatic variables, and bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in children. Anesth Analg 2010, 110:995-1002.
  • [20]Agren A, Wikman AT, Holmstrom M, Ostlund A, Edgren G: Thromboelastography (TEG(R)) compared to conventional coagulation tests in surgical patients–a laboratory evaluation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013, 73:214-20.
  • [21]Bochsen L, Johansson PI, Kristensen AT, Daugaard G, Ostrowski SR: The influence of platelets, plasma and red blood cells on functional haemostatic assays. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011, 22:167-75.
  • [22]Lang T, Johanning K, Metzler H, Piepenbrock S, Solomon C, Rahe-Meyer N, et al.: The effects of fibrinogen levels on thromboelastometric variables in the presence of thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 2009, 108:751-8.
  • [23]Nielsen VG: Colloids decrease clot propagation and strength: role of factor XIII-fibrin polymer and thrombin-fibrinogen interactions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005, 49:1163-71.
  • [24]Winstedt D, Tynngard N, Olanders K, Schott U: Free oscillation rheometry monitoring of haemodilution and hypothermia and correction with fibrinogen and factor XIII concentrates. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2013, 21:20. BioMed Central Full Text
  • [25]Johansson PI, Stissing T, Bochsen L, Ostrowski SR: Thrombelastography and tromboelastometry in assessing coagulopathy in trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2009, 17:45. BioMed Central Full Text
  • [26]Lang T, Toller W, Gutl M, Mahla E, Metzler H, Rehak P, et al.: Different effects of abciximab and cytochalasin D on clot strength in thrombelastography. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2:147-53.
  • [27]Tynngård N, Berlin G, Samuelsson A, Berg S: Low dose of hydroxyethyl starch impairs clot formation as assessed by viscoelastic devices. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014, 74:344-50.
  • [28]Hartert H: Not Available. Klin Wochenschr 1948, 26:577-83.
  • [29]Mallett SV, Cox DJ: Thrombelastography. Br J Anaesth 1992, 69:307-13.
  • [30]Bolliger D, Seeberger MD, Tanaka KA: Principles and practice of thromboelastography in clinical coagulation management and transfusion practice. Transfus Med Rev 2012, 26:1-13.
  • [31]Schochl H, Voelckel W, Grassetto A, Schlimp CJ: Practical application of point-of-care coagulation testing to guide treatment decisions in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 74:1587-98.
  • [32]Mittermayr M, Margreiter J, Velik-Salchner C, Klingler A, Streif W, Fries D, et al.: Effects of protamine and heparin can be detected and easily differentiated by modified thrombelastography (Rotem): an in vitro study. Br J Anaesth 2005, 95:310-6.
  • [33]Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Hanke AA: Potential value of transfusion protocols in cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013, 26:230-43.
  • [34]Swallow RA, Agarwala RA, Dawkins KD, Curzen NP: Thromboelastography: potential bedside tool to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy? Platelets 2006, 17:385-92.
  • [35]Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Navickas IA, Mahla E, Dichiara J, Suarez TA, et al.: Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength: a new thrombelastographic indicator of long-term poststenting ischemic events. Am Heart J 2010, 160:346-54.
  • [36]Kang YG, Martin DJ, Marquez J, Lewis JH, Bontempo FA, Shaw BW Jr, et al.: Intraoperative changes in blood coagulation and thrombelastographic monitoring in liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1985, 64:888-96.
  • [37]Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, Francis S, Vela-Cantos F, Ergin MA: Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 88:312-9.
  • [38]Roullet S, Pillot J, Freyburger G, Biais M, Quinart A, Rault A, et al.: Rotation thromboelastometry detects thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenaemia during orthotopic liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2010, 104:422-8.
  • [39]Nystrup KB, Windelov NA, Thomsen AB, Johansson PI: Reduced clot strength upon admission, evaluated by thrombelastography (TEG), in trauma patients is independently associated with increased 30-day mortality. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011, 19:52. BioMed Central Full Text
  • [40]Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Wohlauer M, Johnson JL, Pezold M, Lawrence J, et al.: Initial experiences with point-of-care rapid thrombelastography for management of life-threatening postinjury coagulopathy. Transfusion 2012, 52:23-33.
  • [41]Tynngard N, Trinks M, Berlin G: In vitro properties of platelets stored in a small container for pediatric transfusion. Transfusion 2014, 54:1562-8.
  • [42]Tynngård N, Lindahl TL, Trinks M, Studer M, Berlin G: The quality of platelet concentrates produced by COBE Spectra and Trima Accel cell separators during storage for 7 days as assessed by in vitro methods. Transfusion 2008, 48:715-22.
  • [43]Tynngård N, Trinks M, Berlin G: Platelet quality after washing: the effect of storage time before washing. Transfusion 2010, 50:2745-52.
  • [44]Tynngård N, Trinks M, Berlin G: In vitro properties of platelets stored in three different additive solutions. Transfusion 2012, 52:1003-9.
  • [45]Kalsch T, Elmas E, Nguyen XD, Grebert N, Wolpert C, Kluter H, et al.: Enhanced coagulation activation by in vitro lipopolysaccharide challenge in patients with ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005, 16:858-63.
  • [46]Kalsch T, Nguyen XD, Elmas E, Grebert N, Suselbeck T, Kluter H, et al.: Coagulation activation and expression of CD40 ligand on platelets upon in vitro lipopolysaccharide-challenge in patients with unstable angina. Int J Cardiol 2006, 111:217-23.
  • [47]Tynngård N, Lindahl TL, Ramstrom S, Raf T, Rugarn O, Berlin G: Free oscillation rheometry detects changes in clot properties in pregnancy and thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2008, 19:373-8.
  • [48]Solbeck S, Windelov NA, Baek NH, Nielsen JD, Ostrowski SR, Johansson PI: In-vitro comparison of free oscillation rheometry (ReoRox) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in trauma patients upon hospital admission. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012, 23:688-92.
  • [49]Ramström S, Rånby M, Lindahl TL: Effects of inhibition of P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) on whole blood clotting, coagulum elasticity and fibrinolysis resistance studied with free oscillation rheometry. Thromb Res 2003, 109:315-22.
  • [50]Karlsson O, Sporrong T, Hillarp A, Jeppsson A, Hellgren M: Prospective longitudinal study of thromboelastography and standard hemostatic laboratory tests in healthy women during normal pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2012, 115:890-8.
  • [51]Schlimp CJ, Solomon C, Ranucci M, Hochleitner G, Redl H, Schochl H: The effectiveness of different functional fibrinogen polymerization assays in eliminating platelet contribution to clot strength in thromboelastometry. Anesth Analg 2014, 118:269-76.
  • [52]Genet GF, Ostrowski SR, Sorensen AM, Johansson PI: Detection of tPA-induced hyperfibrinolysis in whole blood by RapidTEG, KaolinTEG, and functional fibrinogenTEG in healthy individuals. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012, 18:638-44.
  • [53]Nilsson CU, Tynngard N, Reinstrup P, Engstrom M: Monitoring fibrinolysis in whole blood by viscoelastic instruments: A comparison of ROTEM and ReoRox. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013, 73:457-65.
  • [54]Larsen OH, Fenger-Eriksen C, Ingerslev J, Sorensen B: Improved point-of-care identification of hyperfibrinolysis is needed. Thromb Res 2012, 130:690-1.
  • [55]Fenger-Eriksen C, Tonnesen E, Ingerslev J, Sorensen B: Mechanisms of hydroxyethyl starch-induced dilutional coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7:1099-105.
  • [56]Winstedt D, Hanna J, Schott U: Albumin-induced coagulopathy is less severe and more effectively reversed with fibrinogen concentrate than is synthetic colloid-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013, 73:161-9.
  • [57]Hett DA, Walker D, Pilkington SN, Smith DC: Sonoclot analysis. Br J Anaesth 1995, 75:771-6.
  • [58]von Kaulla K, Ostendorf P, von Kaulla E: The impedance machine: a new bedside coagulation recording device. J Med 1975, 6:73-88.
  • [59]Li CK, Hoffmann TJ, Hsieh PY, Malik S, Watson WC: The Xylum Clot Signature Analyzer: a dynamic flow system that simulates vascular injury. Thromb Res 1998, 92:S67-77.
  • [60]Fricke W, Kouides P, Kessler C, Schmaier AH, Krijanovski Y, Jagadeesan K, et al.: A multicenter clinical evaluation of the Clot Signature Analyzer. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2:763-8.
  • [61]Yamamoto J, Yamashita T, Ikarugi H, Taka T, Hashimoto M, Ishii H, et al.: Gorog Thrombosis Test: a global in-vitro test of platelet function and thrombolysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003, 14:31-9.
  • [62]Gorog DA, Kovacs IB: Thrombotic status analyser. Measurement of platelet-rich thrombus formation and lysis in native blood. Thromb Haemost 1995, 73:514-20.
  • [63]Carr ME Jr, Zekert SL: Measurement of platelet-mediated force development during plasma clot formation. Am J Med Sci 1991, 302:13-8.
  • [64]Carr ME, Martin EJ, Kuhn JG, Spiess BD: Onset of force development as a marker of thrombin generation in whole blood: the thrombin generation time (TGT). J Thromb Haemost 2003, 1:1977-83.
  • [65]Despotis GJ, Levine V, Filos KS, Santoro SA, Joist JH, Spitznagel E, et al.: Evaluation of a new point-of-care test that measures PAF-mediated acceleration of coagulation in cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1996, 85:1311-23.
  • [66]Despotis GJ, Levine V, Saleem R, Spitznagel E, Joist JH: Use of point-of-care test in identification of patients who can benefit from desmopressin during cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999, 354:106-10.
  • [67]Forestier F, Coiffic A, Mouton C, Ekouevi D, Chene G, Janvier G: Platelet function point-of-care tests in post-bypass cardiac surgery: are they relevant? Br J Anaesth 2002, 89:715-21.
  • [68]Isgro F, Rehn E, Kiessling AH, Kretz KU, Kilian W, Saggau W: Platelet function test HemoSTATUS 2: tool or toy for an optimized management of hemostasis? Perfusion 2002, 17:27-31.
  • [69]Matsumoto T, Nogami K, Shima M: Simultaneous measurement of thrombin and plasmin generation to assess the interplay between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 2013, 110:761-8.
  • [70]Antovic A: The overall hemostasis potential: a laboratory tool for the investigation of global hemostasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010, 36:772-9.
  • [71]Soshitova NP, Karamzin SS, Balandina AN, Fadeeva OA, Kretchetova AV, Galstian GM, et al.: Predicting prothrombotic tendencies in sepsis using spatial clot growth dynamics. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012, 23:498-507.
  • [72]Dashkevich NM, Ovanesov MV, Balandina AN, Karamzin SS, Shestakov PI, Soshitova NP, et al.: Thrombin activity propagates in space during blood coagulation as an excitation wave. Biophys J 2012, 103:2233-40.
  • [73]Lipets E, Vlasova O, Urnova E, Margolin O, Soloveva A, Ostapushchenko O, et al.: Circulating contact-pathway-activating microparticles together with factors IXa and XIa induce spontaneous clotting in plasma of hematology and cardiologic patients. PLoS One 2014, 9:e87692.
  • [74]Shams Hakimi C, Fagerberg Blixter I, Hansson EC, Hesse C, Wallen H, Jeppsson A: Effects of fibrinogen and platelet supplementation on clot formation and platelet aggregation in blood samples from cardiac surgery patients. Thromb Res. 2014, 134:895-900.
  • [75]Elsenberg EH, van Werkum JW, van de Wal RM, Zomer AC, Bouman HJ, Verheugt FW, et al.: The influence of clinical characteristics, laboratory and inflammatory markers on 'high on-treatment platelet reactivity' as measured with different platelet function tests. Thromb Haemost 2009, 102:719-27.
  • [76]Kakouros N, Kickler TS, Laws KM, Rade JJ: Hematocrit alters VerifyNow P2Y12 assay results independently of intrinsic platelet reactivity and clopidogrel responsiveness. J Thromb Haemost 2013, 11:1814-22.
  • [77]Ostrowski SR, Bochsen L, Windelov NA, Salado-Jimena JA, Reynaerts I, Goodrich RP, et al.: Hemostatic function of buffy coat platelets in additive solution treated with pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion 2011, 51:344-56.
  • [78]Cauwenberghs S, Feijge MA, Theunissen E, Heemskerk JW, van Pampus EC, Curvers J: Novel methodology for assessment of prophylactic platelet transfusion therapy by measuring increased thrombus formation and thrombin generation. Br J Haematol 2007, 136:480-90.
  • [79]Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Horvath M, Eichelberger B, Koren D, Jilma B, Panzer S: Platelet function under high-shear conditions from platelet concentrates. Transfusion 2008, 48:129-35.
  • [80]Hayward CP, Harrison P, Cattaneo M, Ortel TL, Rao AK: Platelet Physiology Subcommittee of the S, Standardization Committee of the International Society on T, Haemostasis: Platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure time in the evaluation of platelet disorders and platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:312-9.
  • [81]Varon D, Dardik R, Shenkman B, Kotev-Emeth S, Farzame N, Tamarin I, et al.: A new method for quantitative analysis of whole blood platelet interaction with extracellular matrix under flow conditions. Thromb Res 1997, 85:283-94.
  • [82]Ramström S: Clotting time analysis of citrated blood samples is strongly affected by the tube used for blood sampling. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005, 16:447-52.
  • [83]Tsantes A, Ikonomidis I, Papadakis I, Kottaridi C, Tsante A, Kalamara E, et al.: Evaluation of the role of the new INNOVANCE PFA P2Y test cartridge in detection of clopidogrel resistance. Platelets 2012, 23:481-9.
  • [84]Kong R, Trimmings A, Hutchinson N, Gill R, Agarwal S, Davidson S, Arcari M. Consensus recommendations for using the Multiplate for platelet function monitoring before cardiac surgery. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014 doi:10.1111/ijlh.12279. [Epub ahead of print].
  • [85]Hanke AA, Maschler S, Schochl H, Floricke F, Gorlinger K, Zanger K, et al.: In vitro impairment of whole blood coagulation and platelet function by hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011, 19:12. BioMed Central Full Text
  • [86]Apelseth TO, Bruserud O, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hervig T: Therapeutic efficacy of platelet transfusion in patients with acute leukemia: an evaluation of methods. Transfusion 2010, 50:766-75.
  • [87]Johansson PI, Simonsen AC, Brown PN, Ostrowski SR, Deberdt L, Van Hoydonck P, et al.: A pilot study to assess the hemostatic function of pathogen-reduced platelets in patients with thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2013, 53:2043-52.
  • [88]Horvath M, Eichelberger B, Koren D, Bohm A, Ay C, Jilma B, et al.: Function of platelets in apheresis platelet concentrates and in patient blood after transfusion as assessed by Impact-R. Transfusion 2010, 50:1036-42.
  • [89]Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, et al.: Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 2013, 17:R76. BioMed Central Full Text
  • [90]Gutierrez E, Petrich BG, Shattil SJ, Ginsberg MH, Groisman A, Kasirer-Friede A: Microfluidic devices for studies of shear-dependent platelet adhesion. Lab Chip 2008, 8:1486-95.
  • [91]Tovar-Lopez FJ, Rosengarten G, Westein E, Khoshmanesh K, Jackson SP, Mitchell A, et al.: A microfluidics device to monitor platelet aggregation dynamics in response to strain rate micro-gradients in flowing blood. Lab Chip 2010, 10:291-302.
  • [92]Basabe-Desmonts L, Ramstrom S, Meade G, O'Neill S, Riaz A, Lee LP, et al.: Single-step separation of platelets from whole blood coupled with digital quantification by interfacial platelet cytometry (iPC). Langmuir 2010, 26:14700-6.
  • [93]Hansen RR, Wufsus AR, Barton ST, Onasoga AA, Johnson-Paben RM, Neeves KB: High Content Evaluation of Shear Dependent Platelet Function in a Microfluidic Flow Assay. Ann Biomed Eng 2013, 41:250-62.
  • [94]Nalayanda DD, Kalukanimuttam M, Schmidtke DW: Micropatterned surfaces for controlling cell adhesion and rolling under flow. Biomed Microdevices 2007, 9:207-14.
  • [95]Okorie UM, Diamond SL: Matrix protein microarrays for spatially and compositionally controlled microspot thrombosis under laminar flow. Biophys J 2006, 91:3474-81.
  • [96]Van de Walle AB, Fontenot J, Spain TG, Brunski DB, Sanchez ES, Keay JC, et al.: The role of fibrinogen spacing and patch size on platelet adhesion under flow. Acta Biomater 2012, 8:4080-91.
  • [97]de Witt SM, Swieringa F, Cavill R, Lamers MM, van Kruchten R, Mastenbroek T, et al.: Identification of platelet function defects by multi-parameter assessment of thrombus formation. Nat Commun 2014, 5:4257.
  • [98]Westein E, van der Meer AD, Kuijpers MJ, Frimat JP, van den Berg A, Heemskerk JW: Atherosclerotic geometries exacerbate pathological thrombus formation poststenosis in a von Willebrand factor-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:1357-62.
  • [99]Li M, Ku DN, Forest CR: Microfluidic system for simultaneous optical measurement of platelet aggregation at multiple shear rates in whole blood. Lab Chip 2012, 12:1355-62.
  文献评价指标  
  下载次数:2次 浏览次数:17次