Effects of whole grain rye crisp bread for breakfast on appetite and energy intake in a subsequent meal: two randomised controlled trails with different amounts of test foods and breakfast energy content

Nutrition Journal

Rikard Landberg¹  Per Åman²  Tina Forsberg² 

[1] Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7051, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden

关键词: Energy intake;    Energy density;    Appetite;    Rye;    Whole grain;    Crisp bread;   

Others  :  801647
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-13-26

 received in 2013-09-16, accepted in 2014-03-10,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Fibre-rich rye products have been shown to have superior effects on self-reported appetite compared to white wheat bread and some studies have shown lower energy intake after subsequent meal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of whole grain rye crisp bread (RB) versus refined wheat bread (WB) on appetite in two studies using different portion sizes and total energy intakes.

Methods

Two randomised cross-over pre-load studies were conducted in 20 and 21 subjects, respectively. Appetite was rated by visual analogue scale (VAS) for 4 h. In both studies, participants were 39 ± 14 years old and had BMI 23 ± 3. The studies differed in terms of energy content of the breakfasts and proportion of energy from the treatment product as well as amount of test products. Differences between treatments within the two studies were evaluated using mixed models with repeated measures appropriate for cross-over designs.

Results

In Study one, hunger and desire to eat were significantly lower (P < 0.05) after RB compared with WB, but there were no difference for fullness or difference in energy intake at lunch served ad libitum. In Study two, the portion size was lower than in Study one and the test product constituted a larger proportion of the breakfast. Fullness was significantly higher after RB compared with WB (P < 0.05) and hunger, desire to eat as well as energy intake at lunch were significantly lower (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Whole grain rye crisp bread caused lower self-reported hunger, higher fullness and less desire to eat compared to refined wheat bread. It also led to a lower energy intake after an ad libitum lunch. Results were stronger and/or more consistent when the test meal portion was smaller and accounted for a larger proportion of the total energy intake of the breakfast.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Forsberg et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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