Trypanosoma livingstonei: a new species from African bats supports the bat seeding hypothesis for the Trypanosoma cruzi clade

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Marta MG Teixeira⁴  Erney P Camargo⁴  Wanderley de Souza²  Márcia Attias²  Marta Campaner⁴  Carmen SA Takata⁴  Luis Neves³  Patrick B Hamilton¹  Oneida Espinosa-Álvarez⁴  Luciana Lima⁴ 

[1] Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK;Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil;Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique;Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil

关键词: Trypanosoma cruzi;    Africa;    Evolution;    Phylogeography;    Phylogeny;    Taxonomy;    Chiroptera;   

Others  :  825176
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-6-221

 received in 2013-06-13, accepted in 2013-08-01,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Bat trypanosomes have been implicated in the evolutionary history of the T. cruzi clade, which comprises species from a wide geographic and host range in South America, Africa and Europe, including bat-restricted species and the generalist agents of human American trypanosomosis T. cruzi and T. rangeli.

Methods

Trypanosomes from bats (Rhinolophus landeri and Hipposideros caffer) captured in Mozambique, southeast Africa, were isolated by hemoculture. Barcoding was carried out through the V7V8 region of Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA and Fluorescent Fragment Length barcoding (FFLB). Phylogenetic inferences were based on SSU rRNA, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and Spliced Leader (SL) genes. Morphological characterization included light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Results

New trypanosomes from bats clustered together forming a clade basal to a larger assemblage called the T. cruzi clade. Barcoding, phylogenetic analyses and genetic distances based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH supported these trypanosomes as a new species, which we named Trypanosoma livingstonei n. sp. The large and highly polymorphic SL gene repeats of this species showed a copy of the 5S ribosomal RNA into the intergenic region. Unique morphological (large and broad blood trypomastigotes compatible to species of the subgenus Megatrypanum and cultures showing highly pleomorphic epimastigotes and long and slender trypomastigotes) and ultrastructural (cytostome and reservosomes) features and growth behaviour (when co-cultivated with HeLa cells at 37°C differentiated into trypomastigotes resembling the blood forms and do not invaded the cells) complemented the description of this species.

Conclusion

Phylogenetic inferences supported the hypothesis that Trypanosoma livingstonei n. sp. diverged from a common ancestral bat trypanosome that evolved exclusively in Chiroptera or switched at independent opportunities to mammals of several orders forming the clade T. cruzi, hence, providing further support for the bat seeding hypothesis to explain the origin of T. cruzi and T. rangeli.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Lima et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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