Interactions between Asaia, Plasmodium and Anopheles: new insights into mosquito symbiosis and implications in Malaria Symbiotic Control

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Guido Favia⁵  Mauro Mandrioli³  Daniele Daffonchio²  Claudio Bandi⁴  Luciano Sacchi¹  Matteo Valzano⁵  Mauro Angeletti⁵  Sara Epis⁴  Elena Crotti²  Patrizia Scuppa⁵  Paolo Rossi⁵  Michela Mosca⁵  Claudia Damiani⁵  Irene Ricci⁵  Aida Capone⁵ 

[1] Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy;Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy;Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy;Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy;Scuola di Bioscienze e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy

关键词: Haemocytes;    Malaria;    Anopheles;    Plasmodium;    Asaia;   

Others  :  1226995
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-6-182

 received in 2013-02-18, accepted in 2013-06-12,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Malaria represents one of the most devastating infectious diseases. The lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of drug resistance make necessary the development of new effective control methods. The recent identification of bacteria of the genus Asaia, associated with larvae and adults of malaria vectors, designates them as suitable candidates for malaria paratransgenic control.

To better characterize the interactions between Asaia, Plasmodium and the mosquito immune system we performed an integrated experimental approach.

Methods

Quantitative PCR analysis of the amount of native Asaia was performed on individual Anopheles stephensi specimens. Mosquito infection was carried out with the strain PbGFP_CON and the number of parasites in the midgut was counted by fluorescent microscopy.

The colonisation of infected mosquitoes was achieved using GFP or DsRed tagged-Asaia strains.

Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis, growth and phagocytosis tests were performed using An. stephensi and Drosophila melanogaster haemocyte cultures and DsRed tagged-Asaia and Escherichia coli strains.

Results

Using quantitative PCR we have quantified the relative amount of Asaia in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, showing that the parasite does not interfere with bacterial blooming. The correlation curves have confirmed the active replication of Asaia, while at the same time, the intense decrease of the parasite.

The ‘in vitro’ immunological studies have shown that Asaia induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides, however, the growth curves in conditioned medium as well as a phagocytosis test, indicated that the bacterium is not an immune-target.

Using fluorescent strains of Asaia and Plasmodium we defined their co-localisation in the mosquito midgut and salivary glands.

Conclusions

We have provided important information about the relationship of Asaia with both Plasmodium and Anopheles. First, physiological changes in the midgut following an infected or uninfected blood meal do not negatively affect the residing Asaia population that seems to benefit from this condition. Second, Asaia can act as an immune-modulator activating antimicrobial peptide expression and seems to be adapted to the host immune response. Last, the co-localization of Asaia and Plasmodium highlights the possibility of reducing vectorial competence using bacterial recombinant strains capable of releasing anti-parasite molecules.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Capone et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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