Long-term trends in Anopheles gambiae insecticide resistance in Côte d’Ivoire

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

David Weetman⁴  Hilary Ranson⁴  Eliezer K N’Goran⁶  Stefan Dongus⁵  Pie Müller⁵  Paul CD Johnson¹  Sarah JE Barry²  Bassirou Bonfoh⁸  Mouhamadou Chouaibou⁸  Akre M Adja³  Louise Bellai⁶  Benjamin G Koudou⁷  Constant AV Edi⁸ 

[1] Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Abidjan BP 47, Côte d’Ivoire;Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, CH-4003, Switzerland;Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny de Cocody, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Côte d’Ivoire;Université Nangui-Abrogoua, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Abidjan 02, 02 BP 801, Côte d’Ivoire;Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01, 01 BP 1303, Côte d’Ivoire

关键词: kdr;    Multiple resistance;    Organophosphate;    Organochlorine;    Carbamate;    Pyrethroid;    Malaria intervention;   

Others  :  1148972
DOI  :  10.1186/s13071-014-0500-z

 received in 2014-07-11, accepted in 2014-10-23,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Malaria control is heavily dependent on the use of insecticides that target adult mosquito vectors via insecticide treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). Four classes of insecticide are approved for IRS but only pyrethroids are available for ITNs. The rapid rise in insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors has raised alarms about the sustainability of existing malaria control activities. This problem might be particularly acute in Côte d’Ivoire where resistance to all four insecticide classes has recently been recorded. Here we investigate temporal trends in insecticide resistance across the ecological zones of Côte d’Ivoire to determine whether apparent pan-African patterns of increasing resistance are detectable and consistent across insecticides and areas.

Methods

We combined data on insecticide resistance from a literature review, and bioassays conducted on field-caught Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes for the four WHO-approved insecticide classes for ITN/IRS. The data were then mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the IR mapper tool to provide spatial and temporal distribution data on insecticide resistance in An. gambiae sensu lato from Côte d’Ivoire between 1993 and 2014.

Results

Bioassay mortality decreased over time for all insecticide classes, though with significant spatiotemporal variation, such that stronger declines were observed in the southern ecological zone for DDT and pyrethroids than in the central zone, but with an apparently opposite effect for the carbamate and organophosphate. Variation in relative abundance of the molecular forms, coupled with dramatic increase in kdr 1014F frequency in M forms (An. coluzzii) seems likely to be a contributory factor to these patterns. Although records of resistance across insecticide classes have become more common, the number of classes tested in studies has also increased, precluding a conclusion that multiple resistance has also increased.

Conclusion

Our analyses attempted synthesis of 22 years of bioassay data from Côte d’Ivoire, and despite a number of caveats and potentially confounding variables, suggest significant but spatially-variable temporal trends in insecticide resistance. In the light of such spatio-temporal dynamics, regular, systematic and spatially-expanded monitoring is warranted to provide accurate information on insecticide resistance for control programme management.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Edi et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

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