The influence of physiological status on age prediction of Anopheles arabiensis using near infra-red spectroscopy

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Marta F Maia³  Floyd E Dowell¹  Sarah J Moore³  Stefan Rieben⁵  Valeriana S Mayagaya²  Alex J Ntamatungiro⁴ 

[1] Engineering and Wind Erosion Research Unit, USDA ARS Centre for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA;Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania;University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland;London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, UK;Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Soccinstraße 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

关键词: Physiological status;    Age-grading;    Near infra-red spectroscopy;    Anopheles arabiensis;   

Others  :  824263
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-6-298

 received in 2013-03-15, accepted in 2013-10-09,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Determining the age of malaria vectors is essential for evaluating the impact of interventions that reduce the survival of wild mosquito populations and for estimating changes in vectorial capacity. Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) is a simple and non-destructive method that has been used to determine the age and species of Anopheles gambiae s.l. by analyzing differences in absorption spectra. The spectra are affected by biochemical changes that occur during the life of a mosquito and could be influenced by senescence and also the life history of the mosquito, i.e., mating, blood feeding and egg-laying events.

Methods

To better understand these changes, we evaluated the influence of mosquito physiological status on NIR energy absorption spectra. Mosquitoes were kept in individual cups to permit record keeping of each individual insect’s life history. Mosquitoes of the same chronological age, but at different physiological stages, were scanned and compared using cross-validations.

Results

We observed a slight trend within some physiological stages that suggest older insects tend to be predicted as being physiologically more mature. It was advantageous to include mosquitoes of different chronological ages and physiological stages in calibrations, as it increases the robustness of the model resulting in better age predictions.

Conclusions

Progression through different physiological statuses of An. arabiensis influences the chronological age prediction by the NIRS. Entomologists that wish to use NIR technology to predict the age of field-caught An. gambiae s.l from their study area should use a calibration developed from their field strain using mosquitoes of diverse chronological ages and physiological stages to increase the robustness and accuracy of the predictions.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Ntamatungiro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Gillies MT: A modified techiques for age-grading of population of An. gambiae. Am J Trop Med Parasitol 1958, 52(3):261-273.
• [2]Doumbo OK, Thera MA, Kone AK, Raza A, Tempest LJ, Lyke KE, Plowe CV, Rowe JA: High levels of Plasmodium falciparum rosetting in all clinical forms of severe malaria in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 81:987-993.
• [3]Gu W, Muller G, Schlein Y, Novak RJ, Beier JC: Natural plant sugar sources of Anopheles mosquitoes strongly impact malaria transmission potential. PLoS One 2011, 6:e15996.
• [4]Scholte EJ, Knols BG, Takken W: Autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector An. gambiae s.s. Mal J 2004, 3:45. BioMed Central Full Text
• [5]Jin C, Ren X, Rasgon JL: The virulent Wolbachia strain wMelPop efficiently establishes somatic infections in the malaria vector An. gambiae s.s. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:3373-3376.
• [6]Muir LE, Kay BH: Aedes aegypti survival and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in northern Australia. Am J Trop Med Hy 1998, 58:277-282.
• [7]Detinova TS: Age-grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1962.
• [8]Garrett-Jones C: The human blood index of malaria vectors in relation to epidemiological assessment. Bull WHO 1964, 30:241-261.
• [9]Clements AN, Paterson GD: The analysis of mortality and survival rates in wild populations of mosquitoes. J Appl Ecol 1981, 18:373-399.
• [10]Gillies MT: The recognition of age-groups within populations of An. gambiae by the pre-gravid rate and the sporozoite rate. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1954, 48:58-74.
• [11]Silver JB: Methods of age-grading adults and estimation of adult survival rates. In Mosquito Ecology. Netherlands: Springer; 2008:1161-1271.
• [12]Hugo L, Eaglesham G, Holling N, Kay B, O’Neill S, Ryan P: Mosquito age grading techniques: old versus new. Arbo Res Aust 2005, 9:137-142.
• [13]Cook PE: Transcriptional profiling of An. gambiae mosquitoes for adult age estimation. Nat Protoc 2007, 2:2796-2806.
• [14]Marinotti O, Calvo E, Nguyen QK, Dissanayake S, Ribeiro JM, James AA: Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in adult An. gambiae. Insect Mol Biol 2006, 15:1-12.
• [15]Perez-Mendoza J, Throne JE, Dowell FE, Baker JE: Chronological age-grading of three species of stored-product beetles by using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Econ Entomol 2004, 97:1159-1167.
• [16]Mayagaya VS, Michel K, Benedict MQ, Killeen GF, Wirtz RA, Ferguson HM, Dowell FE: Non-destructive determination of age and species of An. gambiae s.l. using near-infrared spectroscopy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 81:622-630.
• [17]Sikulu M, Killeen GF, Hugo LE, Ryan PA, Dowell KM, Wirtz RA, Moore SJ, Dowell FE: Near-infrared spectroscopy as a complementary age grading and species identification tool for African malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 2010, 3:49. BioMed Central Full Text
• [18]Gray EM, Bradley TJ: Physiology of desiccation resistance in An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:553-559.
• [19]Sikulu M, Dowell KM, Hugo LE, Wirtz RA, Michel K, Peiris KH, Moore S, Killeen GF, Dowell FE: Evaluating RNAlater(R) as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict An. gambiae age and species. Malaria J 2011, 10:186. BioMed Central Full Text
• [20]Caputo B, Dani FR, Horne GL, Petrarca V, Turillazzi S, Coluzzi M, Priestman AA, Della Torre A: Identification and composition of cuticular hydrocarbons of the major Afrotropical malaria vector An. gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae): analysis of sexual dimorphism and age-related changes. J Mass Spectrom 2005, 40:1595-1604.
• [21]Polerstock AR, Eigenbrode SD, Klowden MJ: Mating alters the cuticular hydrocarbons of female An. gambiae s.s and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 2002, 39:545-552.
• [22]Ferguson HM, Ng’habi KR, Walder T, Kadungula D, Moore SJ, Lyimo I, Russell TL, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ: Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malar J 2008., 7doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-158
• [23]Detinova TS: Age grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance with special reference to some vectors of malaria. Monogr Ser World Health Organ 1962, 47:13-191.
• [24]Huho BJ, Ng’habi KR, Killeen GF, Nkwengulila G, Knols BG, Ferguson HM: Nature beats nurture: a case study of the physiological fitness of free-living and laboratory-reared male An. gambiae s.l. J Exp Biol 2007, 210:2939-2947.
• [25]Aldrich BT, Maghirang EB, Dowell FE, Kambhampati S: Identification of termite species and subspecies of the genus Zootermopsis using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Insect Sci 2007, 7:18.
• [26]Hugo LE, Kay BH, Eaglesham GK, Holling N, Ryan PA: Investigation of cuticular hydrocarbons for determining the age and survivorship of Australasian mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 74:462-474.
• [27]Bradley EMGTJ: Physiology of dessication resistance in An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:553-559.
• [28]Hugo LE, Quick-Miles S, Kay BH, Ryan PA: Evaluations of mosquito age grading techniques based on morphological changes. J Med Entomol 2008, 45:353-369.