Reduced evolutionary rates in HIV-1 reveal extensive latency periods among replicating lineages

Retrovirology

Thomas Leitner¹  Taina T Immonen¹ 

[1] Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 87545, NM, USA

关键词: Dynamic modeling;    False discovery rate;    Molecular clock;    Phylogenetics;    HIV-1 latency;   

Others  :  1152281
DOI  :  10.1186/s12977-014-0081-0

 received in 2014-06-19, accepted in 2014-09-01,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

HIV-1 can persist for the duration of a patient¿s life due in part to its ability to hide from the immune system, and from antiretroviral drugs, in long-lived latent reservoirs. Latent forms of HIV-1 may also be disproportionally involved in transmission. Thus, it is important to detect and quantify latency in the HIV-1 life cycle.

Results

We developed a novel molecular clock¿based phylogenetic tool to investigate the prevalence of HIV-1 lineages that have experienced latency. The method removes alternative sources that may affect evolutionary rates, such as hypermutation, recombination, and selection, to reveal the contribution of generation-time effects caused by latency. Our method was able to recover latent lineages with high specificity and sensitivity, and low false discovery rates, even on relatively short branches on simulated phylogenies. Applying the tool to HIV-1 sequences from 26 patients, we show that the majority of phylogenetic lineages have been affected by generation-time effects in every patient type, whether untreated, elite controller, or under effective or failing treatment. Furthermore, we discovered extensive effects of latency in sequence data (gag, pol, and env) from reservoirs as well as in the replicating plasma population. To better understand our phylogenetic findings, we developed a dynamic model of virus-host interactions to investigate the proportion of lineages in the actively replicating population that have ever been latent. Assuming neutral evolution, our dynamic modeling showed that under most parameter conditions, it is possible for a few activated latent viruses to propagate so that in time, most HIV-1 lineages will have been latent at some time in their past.

Conclusions

These results suggest that cycling in and out of latency plays a major role in the evolution of HIV-1. Thus, no aspect of HIV-1 evolution can be fully understood without considering latency - including treatment, drug resistance, immune evasion, transmission, and pathogenesis.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Immonen and Leitner; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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