Early glandular neoplasia of the lung

Respiratory Research

William H Westra¹ 

[1] Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

关键词: telomerase;    p53;    lung cancer;    loss of heterozygosity;    K-ras;    atypical alveolar hyperplasia;    atypical adenomatous hyperplasia;    adenocarcinoma;   

Others  :  1227474
DOI  :  10.1186/rr28

 received in 2000-10-20, accepted in 2000-11-10,  发布年份 2000

【 摘 要 】

Although bronchogenic carcinomas progress through a very well defined sequence of metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, very little is known about the early progression of glandular neoplasms of the lung. In particular, the early precursor lesion from which fully malignant adenocarcinomas arise has effectively eluded recognition, at least until recently. Several lines of evidence now implicate atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) as an initial morphologic stage in multistep lung tumorigenesis. Despite its small size, AAH can be appreciated at the light microscopic level and characterized at the molecular genetic level. Indeed, the genetic characterization of AAH promises to further our understanding of lung cancer development and might facilitate the design of novel strategies for early detection of lung cancer.

【 授权许可】

   
2000 Current Science Ltd

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Samet JM: The epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest 1993, 103:20S-29S.
• [2]Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS: Lung cancer. Cancer 1995, 75:191-202.
• [3]Frost JK, Ball WC Jr, Levin ML, Tockman MS, Baker RR, Carter D, Eggleston JC, Erozan YS, Gupta PK, Khouri NF: Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 130:549-554.
• [4]Friedrich G: Periphere Lungenkrebse auf dem boden pleuranaher Narben. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1939, 304:230-247.
• [5]Madri JA, Carter D: Scar cancers of the lung: origin and significance. Hum Pathol 1984, 15:625-631.
• [6]Shimosato Y, Suzuki A, Hashimoto T, Nishiwaki Y, Kodama T, Yoneyama T, Kameya T: Prognostic implications of fibrotic focus (scar) in small peripheral lung cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 1980, 4:365-373.
• [7]Kolin A, Koutoulakis T: Role of arterial occlusion in pulmonary scar cancers. Hum Pathol 1988, 19:1161-1167.
• [8]Kung IT, Lui IO, Loke SL, Khin MA, Mok CK, Lam WK, So SY: Pulmonary scar cancer. A pathologic reappraisal. Am J Surg Pathol 1985, 9:391-400.
• [9]Fearon ER, Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990, 61:759-767.
• [10]Miller RR, Nelems B, Evans KG, Muller NL, Ostrow DN: Glandular neoplasia of the lung: a proposed analogy to colonic tumors. Cancer 1988, 61:1009-1014.
• [11]Nakanishi N: Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990, 114:363-368.
• [12]Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y, Brambilla E: Histologic Typing of Lung and Pleural Tumours, 3rd edition; from World Health Organization International Histological classification of tumours. 1999.
• [13]Takigawa N, Segawa Y, Nakata M, Saeki H, Mandai K, Kishino D, Shimono M, Ida M, Eguchi K: Clinical investigation of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Lung Cancer 1999, 25:115-121.
• [14]Westra WH, Baas IO, Hruban RH, Askin FB, Wilson K, Offerhaus GJA, Slebos RJC: K-ras oncogene activation in atypical alveolar hyperplasias of the human lung. Cancer Res 1996, 56:2224-2228.
• [15]Rao SK, Fraire AE: Alveolar cell hyperplasia in association with adenocarcinoma of lung. Mod Pathol 1995, 8:165-169.
• [16]Chapman AD, Kerr KM: The association between atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and primary lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2000, 83:632-636.
• [17]Sterner DJ, Mori M, Roggli VL, Fraire AE: Prevalence of pulmonary atypical alveolar cell hyperplasia in an autopsy population: a study of 100 cases. Mod Pathol 1997, 10:469-473.
• [18]Yokozaki M, Kodama T, Yokose T, Matsumoto T, Mukai K: Differentiation of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung by use of DNA ploidy and morphometric analysis. Mod Pathol 1996, 9:1156-1164.
• [19]Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, Inayama Y, Nakatani Y, Shibagaki T, Ito T, Hayashi H, Kimura H, Kanisawa M: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and bronchoalveolar lung carcinoma. Analysis by morphometry and the expressions of p53 and carcinoembryonic antigen. Am J Surg Pathol 1996, 20:553-562.
• [20]Kodama T, Biyajima S, Watanabe S, Shimosato Y: Morphometric study of adenocarcinomas and hyperplastic epithelial lesions in the peripheral lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1986, 85:146-151.
• [21]Nakayama H, Noguchi M, Tsuchiya R, Kodama T, Shimosato Y: Clonal growth of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung: cytofluorometric analysis of nuclear DNA content. Mod Pathol 1990, 3:314-320.
• [22]Nakanishi K, Hiroi S, Kawai T, Suzuki M, Torikata C: Argyrophilic nucleolar-organizer region counts and DNA status in bronchioloalveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Hum Pathol 1998, 29:235-239.
• [23]Kerr KM, Carey FA, King G, Lamb D: Atypical alveolar hyperplasia: relationship with pulmonary adenocarcinoma, p53, and c-erbB-2 expression. J Pathol 1994, 174:249-256.
• [24]Kitaguchi S, Takeshima Y, Nishisaka T, Inai K: Proliferative activity, p53 expression and loss of heterozygosity on 3p, 9p and 17p in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1998, 47:17-25.
• [25]Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, Nakatani Y, Inayama Y, Iida M, Noda K, Ogawa N, Shibagaki T, Kanisawa M: Proliferative potential and p53 overexpression in precursor and early stage lesions of bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1995, 146:876-887.
• [26]Mori M, Tezuka F, Chiba R, Funae Y, Watanabe M, Nukiwa T, Takahashi T: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the human lung: their heterology in form and analogy in immunohistochemical characteristics. Cancer 1996, 77:665-674.
• [27]Slebos RJC, Baas IO, Clement MJ, Offerhaus GJA, Askin FB, Hruban RH, Westra WH: p53 alterations in atypical alveolar hyperplasia of the human lung. Hum Pathol 1998, 29:801-808.
• [28]Yokose T, Ito Y, Ochiai A: High prevalence of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung in autopsy specimens from elderly patients with malignant neoplasms. Lung Cancer 2000, 29:125-130.
• [29]Hayashi H, Ito T, Yazawa T, Ikeda M, Inayama Y, Nakatani Y, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, Kitamura H: Reduced expression of p27/Kip1 is associated with the development of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2000, 192:26-31.
• [30]Rodenhuis S, Slebos RJ: Clinical significance of ras oncogene activation in human lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992, 52:2665-2669.
• [31]Mills NE, Fishman CL, Rom WN, Dubin N, Jacobson DR: Increased prevalence of K-ras oncogene mutations in lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1995, 55:1444-1447.
• [32]Li Z-H, Zheng J, Weiss LM, Shibata D: c-K-ras and p53 mutations occur very early in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Am J Pathol 1994, 144:303-309.
• [33]Westra WH, Slebos RJC, Offerhaus GJA, Goodman SN, Evers SG, Kensler TW, Askin FB, Rodenhuis S, Hruban RH: K-ras oncogene activation in lung adenocarcinomas from former smokers: evidence that K-ras mutations are an early and irreversible event in the development of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1993, 72:432-438.
• [34]Kumar R, Sukumar S, Barbacid M: Activation of ras oncogenes preceding the onset of neoplasia. Science 1990, 248:1101-1104.
• [35]Cooper CA, Carby FA, Bubb VJ, Lamb D, Kerr KM, Wyllie AH: The pattern of K-ras mutation in pulmonary adenocarcinoma defines a new pathway of tumour development in the human lung. J Pathol 1997, 181:401-404.
• [36]Niho S, Yokose T, Suzuki K, Kodama T, Nishiwaki Y, Mukai K: Monoclonality of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Am J Pathol 1999, 154:249-254.
• [37]Petersen I, Bujard M, Petersen S, Wolf G, Goeze A, Schwendel A, Langreck H, Gellert K, Reichel M, Just K, du MS, Cremer T, Dietel M, Ried T: Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 1997, 57:2331-2335.
• [38]Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tsuchiya E: Difference of allelotype between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 1994, 54:5652-5655.
• [39]Mao L, Lee JS, Kurie JM, Fan YH, Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Ro JY, Broxson A, Yu R, Morice RC, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, Walsh GL, Hittelman WN, Hong WK: Clonal genetic alterations in the lungs of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:857-862.
• [40]Wistuba II, Lam S, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Fong KM, LeRiche J, Samet JM, Srivastava S, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:1366-1373.
• [41]Hung J, Kishimoto Y, Sugio K, Virmani A, McIntire DD, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Allele-specific chromosome 3p deletions occur at an early stage in the pathogenesis of lung carcinoma. J Am Med Ass 1995, 273:558-563.
• [42]Kishimoto Y, Sugio K, Hung JY, Virmani AK, McIntire DD, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Allele-specific loss in chromosome 9p loci in preneoplastic lesions accompanying non-small-cell lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87:1224-1229.
• [43]Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC: p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991, 253:49-53.
• [44]Taylor D, Koch WM, Zahurak M, Shah K, Sidransky D, Westra WH: Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein accumulation in head and neck cancer: correlation with p53 gene alterations. Hum Pathol 1999, 30:1221-1225.
• [45]Yashima K, Litzky LA, Kaiser L, Rogers T, Lam S, Wistuba II, Milchgrub S, Srivastava S, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW, Gazdar AF: Telomerase expression in respiratory epithelium during the multistage pathogenesis of lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 1997, 57:2373-2377.
• [46]Kitamura H, Kameda Y, Ito T, Hayashi H: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Implications for the pathogenesis of peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1999, 111:610-622.
• [47]Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Tockman M, Sidransky D: Detection of oncogene mutations in sputum precedes diagnosis of lung cancer. Cancer Res 1994, 54:1634-1637.
• [48]Ahrendt SA, Chow JT, Xu LH, Yang SC, Eisenberger CF, Esteller M, Herman JG, Wu L, Decker PA, Jen J, Sidransky D: Molecular detection of tumor cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with early stage lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91:332-339.
• [49]Califano J, Ahrendt SA, Meininger G, Westra WH, Koch WM, Sidransky D: Detection of telomerase activity in oral rinses from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Res 1996, 56:5720-5722.
• [50]Mao L, Lee DJ, Tockman MS, Erozan YS, Askin F, Sidransky D: Microsatellite alterations as clonal markers for the detection of human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:9871-9875.
• [51]Suzuki K, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Yokose T, Kodama T, Takahashi K, Nishimura M, Kawasaki H, Yokozaki M, Nishiwaki Y: The prognosis of resected lung carcinoma associated with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia: a comparison of the prognosis of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma associated with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and intrapulmonary metastasis. Cancer 1997, 79:1521-1526.
• [52]Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, Naidich DP, McGuinness G, Miettinen OS, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Koizumi J, Altorki NK, Smith JP: Early Lung Cancer Action Project: overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet 1999, 354:99-105.