Environmental manipulation for edible insect procurement: a historical perspective

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Arnold van Huis¹  Joost Van Itterbeeck¹ 

[1] Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands

关键词: caterpillar;    palm larvae;    palm weevil;    ahuauhtle;    aquatic insect egg;    semi-cultivation;    environmental manipulation;    facilitation;    entomophagy;    edible insect;   

Others  :  863052
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-4269-8-3

 received in 2011-09-28, accepted in 2012-01-21,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Throughout history humans have manipulated their natural environment for an increased predictability and availability of plant and animal resources. Research on prehistoric diets increasingly includes small game, but edible insects receive minimal attention. Using the anthropological and archaeological literature we show and hypothesize about the existence of such environmental manipulations related to the procurement of edible insects. As examples we use eggs of aquatic Hemiptera in Mexico which are semi-cultivated by water management and by providing egg laying sites; palm weevil larvae in the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, and New Guinea of which the collection is facilitated by manipulating host tree distribution and abundance and which are semi-cultivated by deliberately cutting palm trees at a chosen time at a chosen location; and arboreal, foliage consuming caterpillars in sub-Saharan Africa for which the collection is facilitated by manipulating host tree distribution and abundance, shifting cultivation, fire regimes, host tree preservation, and manually introducing caterpillars to a designated area. These manipulations improve insect exploitation by increasing their predictability and availability, and most likely have an ancient origin.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Van Itterbeeck and van Huis; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]McGrew WC: The other faunivory: primate insectivory and early human diet. In Meat-eating and human evolution. Edited by Stanford CB, Bunn HT. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001:160-178.
• [2]Barker G: The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory - Why did Foragers become Farmers?. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
• [3]Elias SA: The use of insect fossils in archaeology. In Advances in quaternary entomology. Edited by Elias SA. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010:89-121. [van der Meer JJM (Series Editor): Developments in Quaternary Science, vol 12.]
• [4]Sutton MQ: Archaeological aspects of insect use. J Archaeol Method Th 1995, 2:253-298.
• [5]Sutton MQ: Aboriginal Tasmanian entomophagy. In Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. Edited by Posey DA, Overal DL, Clement CR, Plotkin MJ, Elisabetsky E, de Mota CN, de Barros JER. Belém: MPEG; 1990:209-217.
• [6]Nonaka K: Ethnoentomology of the Central Kalahari San. Afr Study Monogr 1996, 22(Suppl.):29-46.
• [7]Reim H: Die insektennahrung der australischen Ureinwohner. Berlin: Akademie Verlag; 1962.
• [8]Meyer-Rochow VB, Changkija S: Uses of insects as human foodin Papua New Guinea, Australia, and North-East India: cross-cultural considerations and cautious conclusions. Ecol Food Nutr 1997, 36:159-185.
• [9]Yen AL: Insects and other invertebrate foods of the Australian Aborigines. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:367-387.
• [10]Yen AL: Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: future prospects. In Forest insects as food: humans bite back - Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Edited by Durst PB, Johnson DV, Leslie RN, Shono K. Bangkok: FAO; 2008:65-84.
• [11]Ruddle K: The human use of insects: Examples from the Yukpa. Biotropica 1973, 5:94-101.
• [12]Milton K: Protein and carbohydrate resources of the Maku Indians of Northwestern Amazonia. Am Anthropol 1984, 86:7-27.
• [13]Dufour DL: Insects as food: a case study from the Northwest Amazon. Am Anthropol 1987, 89:383-397.
• [14]Madsen DB, Schmitt DN: Mass collecting and the diet breadth model: A Great Basin Example. J Archaeol Sci 1998, 25:445-455.
• [15]Madsen DB, Kirkman JE: Hunting hoppers. Am Antiquity 1988, 53:593-604.
• [16]Dyson-Hudson R, Alden Smith E: Human territoriality: An ecological reassessment. Am Anthropol 1978, 80:21-41.
• [17]Flood J: Of moths and men. In The Moth Hunters: Aboriginal prehistory of the Australian Alps. Edited by Flood J. Canberra: Humanities Press Inc; 1980:61-82.
• [18]O'Dea K, Jewell PA, Whiten A, Altmann SA, Strickland SS, Oftedal OT: Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian hunter-gatherers. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1991, 334:233-241.
• [19]Sutton MQ: Insect resources and Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution. In Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ethnobiology, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. Edited by Posey DA, Overal DL, Clement CR, Plotkin MJ, Elisabetsky E, de Mota CN, de Barros JER. Belém: MPEG; 1990:195-207.
• [20]Parsons JR: The pastoral niche in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica. Edited by Staller JE, Carrasco MD. New York: Springer; 2010:109-136.
• [21]Bachstez M, Aragon A: Notes on Mexican drugs, plants, and foods. III. Ahuauhtli, the Mexican caviar. J Am Pharm Assoc 1945, 34:170-172.
• [22]Bergier E: Peuples entomophages & insectes comestibles - Etude sure les mœrs de l'homme et de l'insecte. Avignon: Imprimerie Rullière Frères; 1941.
• [23]Bukkens SGF: Insects in the human diet: nutritional aspects. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:545-577.
• [24]Ramos-Elorduy J: Insects: A sustainable source of food? Ecol Food Nutr 1997, 36:247-276.
• [25]Guérin-Méneville M: On 'Hautlé', or animal bread, of the Mexicans. [http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/5b/9f/1c/5b9f1c35bbf0de50b0b8a96816079891.pdf] webciteAnn Mag Nat Hist 1858, 2:313-315.
• [26]Ramos-Elorduy J: Insects in the diet of tropical forest peoples in Mexico. In Food and Nutrition in the Tropical Forest. Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Edited by Hladik CM, Hladik A, Linares OF, Pagezy H, Semple A, Hadley M. Paris: UNESCO; 1993:205-212. [Jeffers JNR (Series editor): Man and the Biosphere vol 13.]
• [27]Murrell ML: An investigation of prehistoric water management in the Chupadera Arroyo basin, central New Mexico. [http://wrri.nmsu.edu/research/rfp/studentgrants05/reports/Enke.pdf] webcite
• [28]Mercer CWL: Sustainable production of insects for food and income by New Guinea villagers. Ecol Food Nutr 1997, 36:51-157.
• [29]Meyer-Rochow VB: Edible insects in three different ethnic groups of Papua and New Guinea. Am J Clin Nutr 1973, 26:673-677.
• [30]Malaisse F: Se nourrir en foret claire africaine: approche écologique et nutritionnelle. Gembloux: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux; 1997.
• [31]Tchibozo S, van Huis A, Paoletti MG: Notes on edible insects of South Benin: A source of protein. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:245-250.
• [32]Banjo AD, Lawal OA, Songonuga EA: The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 2006, 5:298-301.
• [33]Cerda H, Martinez R, Briceno N, Pizzoferrato L, Manzi P, Tommaseo Ponzetta M, Marin O, Paoletti MG: Palm worm: (Rhynchophorus palmarum) Traditional food in Amazonas, Venezuela - nutritional composition, small scale production and tourist palatability. Ecol Food Nutr 2001, 40:13-32.
• [34]Townsend PK: Sago production in a New Guinea economy. Hum Ecol 1973, 2:217-236.
• [35]Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Paoletti MG: Insects as food of the Irian Jaya populations. Ecol Food Nutr 1997, 36:321-346.
• [36]Dounias E: L'exploitation méconnu d'une ressource connue: la collecte des larves comestibles de charançons dans les palmiers-raphia au sud du Cameroun. In Les Insectes dans la Tradition Orale. Edited by Motte-Florac E, Thomas JMC. Paris: Peeters; 2003:257-278.
• [37]Onore G: Edible insects in Ecuador. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:343-352.
• [38]Choo J: Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics. Terr Arthropod Rev 2008, 1:81-93.
• [39]Choo J, Zent EL, Simpson BB: The importance of traditional ecological knowledge for palm-weevil cultivation in the Venezuelan Amazon. J Ethnobiol 2009, 29:113-128.
• [40]DeFoliart GR: Hypothesizing about palm weevil and palm rhinoceros beetle larvae as traditional cuisine, tropical waste recycling, and pest and disease control on coconut and other palms-can they be integrated? Principes 1993, 37:42-47.
• [41]Abd-Aziz S: Sago starch and its utilisation. J Biosci Bioeng 2002, 94:526-529.
• [42]Townsend PK: Palm sago: Further thoughts on a tropical starch from marginal lands. [https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/39954/3/rmap_wp49.pdf] webcite
• [43]Ellen R: Local knowledge and management of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottboell) diversity in South Central Seram, Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. J Ethnobiol 2006, 26:258-298.
• [44]McKillop H: Prehistoric Maya use of native palms: Archaeobotanical and ethnobotanical evidence. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use. Edited by Fedick SL. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; 1996:278-294.
• [45]Politis GG: Moving to produce: Nukak mobility and settlement patterns in Amazonia. World Archaeol 1996, 27:492-511.
• [46]Hurtado AM, Hawkes K, Hill K, Kaplan H: Female subsistence strategies among Ache hunter-gatherers of Eastern Paraguay. Hum Ecol 1985, 13:1-28.
• [47]Fasoranti JO, Ajiboye DO: Some edible insects of Kwara State, Nigeria. Am Entomol 1993, 39:113-116.
• [48]Bodenheimer FS: Insects as human food. The Hague: Junk; 1951.
• [49]Johnson DV: Multi-purpose palms in agroforestry: a classification and assessment. Int Tree Crops J 1983, 2:217-244.
• [50]Collins JT, Novotny R: Etymology, entomology, and nutrition: Another word from Pigafetta. Cakelele 1991, 2:123-132.
• [51]Silow CA: Edible and other insects of mid-western Zambia.
• [52]Malaisse F, Parent G: Les chenilles comestibles du Shaba méridional (Zaïre). Naturalistes belg 1980, 61:2-24.
• [53]Latham P: Edible caterpillars and their food plants in Bas-Congo. Canterbury: Mystole Publications; 2003.
• [54]Latham P: Edible caterpillars of the Bas Congo region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Antenna 1999, 23:134-139.
• [55]Chidumayo EN, Mbata KJ: Shifting cultivation, edible caterpillars and livelihoods in the Kopa area of Northern Zambia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 2002, 12:175-193.
• [56]Leleup N, Daems H: Les chenilles alimentaires du Kwango: Causes de leur rarefaction et measures préconisées pour y remédier. JATBA 1969, 6:1-21.
• [57]Gade DW: Savanna woodland, fire, protein and silk in Highland Madagascar. J Ethnobiol 1985, 5:109-122.
• [58]Mbata KJ, Chidumayo EN, Lwatula CM: Traditional regulation of edible caterpillar exploitation in the Kopa area of Mpika district in Northern Zambia. J Insect Conserv 2002, 6:115-130.
• [59]Takeda J: The dietary repertory of the Ngandu people of the tropical rain forest: an ecological and anthropological study of the subsistence activities and food procurement technology of a slash-and burn agriculturist in the Zaire river basin. Afr Study Monogr 1990, 11(Suppl.):1-75.
• [60]Munyuli Bin Mushambanyi T: Etude préliminaire orientée vers la production des chenilles consommables par l'élevage des papillons (Anaphe infracta: Thaumetopoeidae) à Lwiro, Sud-Kivu. Tropicultura 2000, 18:208-211.
• [61]Diamond J: Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 2002, 418:700-707.
• [62]DeFoliart GR: Insects as food: Why the western attitude is important. Annu Rev Entomol 1999, 44:21-50.
• [63]Kayikananta L: Biological study and rearing techniques on bamboo caterpillar Omphisa fuscidentalis Hampson. [http://forprod.forest.go.th/forprod/RESEARCH/ABSTRACT/1239.pdf] webcite
• [64]Gardiner A: Mopani woodlands and the Mopane worm: enhancing rural livelihoods and resource sustainability. [http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/R7822-FTR.pdf] webcite
• [65]Ghaly AE: The Use of Insects as Human Food in Zambia. OnLine J Biol Sci 2009, 9:93-104.
• [66]Farina LFDJH: Production de termites pour l'aviculture villageoise au Togo. Tropicultura 1991, 9:181-187.
• [67]Ayieko MA, Obonyo GO, Odhiambo JA, Ogweno PL, Achacha J, Anyango J: Constructing and using a light trap harvester: Rural technology for mass collection of Agoro termites (Macrotermes subhylanus). Res J Appl Sci, Eng Technol 2011, 3:105-109.
• [68]Yhoung-Aree J, Viwatpanich K: Edible insects in the Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:415-440.
• [69]Offenberg J, Wiwatwitaya D: Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecol 2009, 3:55-62.
• [70]Krag K, Lundegaard R, Offenberg J, Nielsen MG, Wiwatwittaya D: Intercolony transplantation of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) larvae. J Asia Pacific Entomol 2010, 13:97-100.
• [71]Hölldobler B, Wilson EO: The Ants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
• [72]Lim GT: Enhancing the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), for biological control of a shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Malaysian mahogany plantations. PhD thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology; 2007.
• [73]DeFoliart GR: Edible insects as minilivestock. Biodivers Conserv 1995, 4:306-321.
• [74]Hardouin J: Minilivestock: from gathering to controlled production. Biodivers Conserv 1995, 4:220-232.
• [75]Paoletti MG, Dreon AL: Minilivestock, environment, sustainability, and local knowledge disappearance. In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:1-18.
• [76]Ramos-Elorduy J: Insects: A hopeful source of food? In Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs, and Snails. Edited by Paoletti MG. Enfield: Science Publishers, Inc; 2005:263-291.
• [77]Nakagaki BJ, DeFoliart GR: Comparison of diets for mass-rearing Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as a novelty food, and comparison of food conversion efficiency with values reported for livestock. J Econ Entomol 1991, 84:891-896.
• [78]Oonincx DGAB, Van Itterbeeck J, Heetkamp MJW, van den Brand H, van Loon JJA, van Huis A: An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e14445.
• [79]Sikorowski PP, Lawrence AM: Microbial contamination and insect rearing. Am Entomol 1994, 40:240-253.