Two stage treatment of dairy effluent using immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Journal of Environmental Health Science Engineering

Rajasri Yadavalli¹ 

[1] Department of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 501301, India

关键词: Biofertilizer;    Aquatic life;    Nutrient removal;    Sand bed filtration;    Photobioreactor;    Immobilization;    Chlorella pyrenoidosa;    Dairy effluent;   

Others  :  814020
DOI  :  10.1186/2052-336X-11-36

 received in 2013-03-24, accepted in 2013-11-04,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Dairy effluents contains high organic load and unscrupulous discharge of these effluents into aquatic bodies is a matter of serious concern besides deteriorating their water quality. Whilst physico-chemical treatment is the common mode of treatment, immobilized microalgae can be potentially employed to treat high organic content which offer numerous benefits along with waste water treatment.

Methods

A novel low cost two stage treatment was employed for the complete treatment of dairy effluent. The first stage consists of treating the diary effluent in a photobioreactor (1 L) using immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa while the second stage involves a two column sand bed filtration technique.

Results

Whilst NH₄⁺-N was completely removed, a 98% removal of PO₄^3--P was achieved within 96 h of two stage purification processes. The filtrate was tested for toxicity and no mortality was observed in the zebra fish which was used as a model at the end of 96 h bioassay. Moreover, a significant decrease in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand was achieved by this novel method. Also the biomass separated was tested as a biofertilizer to the rice seeds and a 30% increase in terms of length of root and shoot was observed after the addition of biomass to the rice plants.

Conclusions

We conclude that the two stage treatment of dairy effluent is highly effective in removal of BOD and COD besides nutrients like nitrates and phosphates. The treatment also helps in discharging treated waste water safely into the receiving water bodies since it is non toxic for aquatic life. Further, the algal biomass separated after first stage of treatment was highly capable of increasing the growth of rice plants because of nitrogen fixation ability of the green alga and offers a great potential as a biofertilizer.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Yadavalli and Heggers; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Mulbry WW, Wilkie AC: Growth of benthic freshwater algae on dairy manures. J Appl Phycol 2001, 13:301-306.
• [2]Silambarasan T, Vikramathithan M, Dhandapani R, DJ M k, Kalaichelvan PT: Biological treatment of dairy effluent by microalgae. World J Sci Technol 2012, 2(7):132-134.
• [3]Van-Coillie R, De La Noue J, Thellen C, Pouliot Y: Tertiary domestic wastewater treatment by Scenedesmus sp.Pilot scale culture. Rev Sci Eau 1990, 3(4):441-456.
• [4]Voltolina D, Gómez-Villa H, Correa G: Nitrogen removal and recycling by Scenedesmus obliquus in semicontinuous cultures using artificial wastewater and simulated light and temperature cycle. Bioresour Technol 2005, 96:359-362.
• [5]Cohen Z: Chemicals from Microalgae. Florida, US: Taylor & Francis Ltd: CRC Press; 1999.
• [6]Raposo MFdJ, Oliveira SE, Castro PM, Bandarra NM, Morais RM: On the utilization of microalgae for brewery effluent treatment and possible applications of the produced biomass. J Inst Brew 2010, 116(3):285-292.
• [7]Nirupama M: Immobilization of Microalgae. In Methods in Biotechnology: Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells. Second edition. Edited by Guisan JM. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press Inc; 2006:373-391.
• [8]Robinson PK, Reeve JO, Goulding KH: Kinetics of phosphorus uptake by immobilized Chlorella. Biotechnol Let 1988, 10:17-20.
• [9]Megharaj M, Peardon HW, Venkateswarlu K: Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by immobilized cells Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus isolated from soil. Enz Microb Technol 1992, 14:656-658.
• [10]Tam NFY, Lau PS, Wong YS: Wastewater inorganic N and P removal by immobilized Chlorella vulgaris. Wat Sci Technol 1994, 30:369-374.
• [11]Upasana M, Sunil P: Cyanobacteria: a potential biofertilizer for rice. Resonance 2004, 9(6):6-10.
• [12]Fogg GE: Nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic organisms. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1956, 7:51-70.
• [13]Venkataraman GS: Algal biofertilizers and rice cultivation. New Delhi, India: Today and Tommorrow Printers and Publishers; 1972.
• [14]Description of commonly considered water quality constituents: Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook 0041ppendix B. Georgia; 2001.
• [15]Miao X, Wu Q: High yield bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis by metabolic controlling of Chlorella protothecoides. J Biotechnol 2004, 110:85-93.
• [16]Miao XL, Wu QY, Wu GF, Zhao NM: Sucrose accumulation in salt-stressed cells of agp gene deletion-mutant in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003, 218:71-77.
• [17]Zhu M, Zhou PP, Yu LJ: Extraction of lipids from Mortierella alpina and enrichment of arachidonic acid from the fungal lipids. Bioresour Technol 2002, 84:93-95.
• [18]Shen Y, Yuan W, Pei Z, Mao E: Culture of microalga Botryococcus in livestock wastewater. Trans ASABE 2008, 51:1395-1400.
• [19]Lowry O, Rosebrough N, Farr A, Randall R: Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951, 193(1):265-275.
• [20]Dainty AL, Goulding KH, Robinson PK, Trevan MD: Stability of alginate immobilized algal cells routine cultivation of organism. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986, 28:210-216.
• [21]Rodulfo BR: Culture and utilization of freshwater algae as protein source. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Culture and Utilization of Algae in Southeast Asia. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines; 1981. [http://hdl.handle.net/10862/180 webcite]
• [22]McCarthy JJ, Taylor WR, Taft JL: Nitrogenous nutrition of the plankton in the Chesapeake Bay. I. Nutrient availability and phytoplankton preferences. Limnol Oceanogr 1977, 22:996-1011.
• [23]Xianhai Z, Danquah M, Zheng C, Potumarthi R, Xiao DC, Lu Y: NaCS-PDMDAAC immobilized autotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. for wastewater nitrogen and phosphate removal. Chem Eng J 2012, 187:185-192.
• [24]Tam NFY, Wong YS: Effect of immobilized microalgal bead concentrations on wastewater nutrient removal. Environ Pollut 2000, 107(1):145-151.
• [25]Hur J, Lee B-M, Lee T-H, Park D-H: Estimation of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand for combined sewer systems using synchronous fluorescence spectra. Sensors 2010, 10:2460-2471.
• [26]Rajasri Y, Rao CS, Ramgopal Rao S, Ravichandra P: Dairy effluent treatment and lipids production by chlorella pyrenoidosa and euglena gracilis: study on open and closed systems. Asia P J Chem EngArticle In press
• [27]Lau PS, Tam NFY, Wong YS: Effect of algal density on nutrient removal from primary settled wastewater. Environ Pollut 1995, 89:59-66.