How does context influence performance of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries? Evidence from the literature

Health Research Policy and Systems

Korrie AM de Koning²  Jacqueline EW Broerse³  Miriam Taegtmeyer¹  Marjolein Dieleman²  Sally Theobald¹  Hermen Ormel²  Olivia Tulloch¹  Sumit S Kane²  Maryse C Kok³ 

[1] Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, 1090 HA, The Netherlands;VU University Amsterdam, Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands

关键词: Review;    Policy;    Performance;    Low- and middle-income countries;    Health beliefs and practices;    Gender;    Equity;    Context;    Community health workers;   

Others  :  1177309
DOI  :  10.1186/s12961-015-0001-3

 received in 2014-08-06, accepted in 2015-02-02,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors intersect to influence CHW performance. A systematic review with a narrative analysis was conducted to identify contextual factors influencing performance of CHWs.

Methods

We searched six databases for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health care services in LMICs. We differentiated CHW performance outcome measures at two levels: CHW level and end-user level. Ninety-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were double read to extract data relevant to the context of CHW programmes. Thematic coding was conducted and evidence on five main categories of contextual factors influencing CHW performance was synthesized.

Results

Few studies had the influence of contextual factors on CHW performance as their primary research focus. Contextual factors related to community (most prominently), economy, environment, and health system policy and practice were found to influence CHW performance. Socio-cultural factors (including gender norms and values and disease related stigma), safety and security and education and knowledge level of the target group were community factors that influenced CHW performance. Existence of a CHW policy, human resource policy legislation related to CHWs and political commitment were found to be influencing factors within the health system policy context. Health system practice factors included health service functionality, human resources provisions, level of decision-making, costs of health services, and the governance and coordination structure. All contextual factors can interact to shape CHW performance and affect the performance of CHW interventions or programmes.

Conclusions

Research on CHW programmes often does not capture or explicitly discuss the context in which CHW interventions take place. This synthesis situates and discusses the influence of context on CHW and programme performance. Future health policy and systems research should better address the complexity of contextual influences on programmes. This insight can help policy makers and programme managers to develop CHW interventions that adequately address and respond to context to optimise performance.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Kok et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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