Neighbourhood food and physical activity environments in England, UK: does ethnic density matter?

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Seeromanie Harding²  Ade Kearns¹  Anne Ellaway²  Alastair H Leyland²  Oarabile R Molaodi² 

[1] Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, 25 Bute Gardens, G12 8RS, Glasgow, UK;MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ, Glasgow, UK

关键词: Built environments;    Physical activity facilities;    Supermarkets;    Fast food outlets;    Deprivation;    Neighbourhoods;    Ethnicity;    Obesity;   

Others  :  824787
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-9-75

 received in 2011-09-23, accepted in 2012-06-18,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

In England, obesity is more common in some ethnic minority groups than in Whites. This study examines the relationship between ethnic concentration and access to fast food outlets, supermarkets and physical activity facilities.

Methods

Data on ethnic concentration, fast food outlets, supermarkets and physical activity facilities were obtained at the lower super output area (LSOA) (population average of 1500). Poisson multilevel modelling was used to examine the association between own ethnic concentration and facilities, adjusted for area deprivation, urbanicity, population size and clustering of LSOAs within local authority areas.

Results

There was a higher proportion of ethnic minorities residing in areas classified as most deprived. Fast food outlets and supermarkets were more common and outdoor physical activity facilities were less common in most than least deprived areas. A gradient was not observed for the relationship between indoor physical activity facilities and area deprivation quintiles. In contrast to White British, increasing ethnic minority concentration was associated with increasing rates of fast food outlets. Rate ratios comparing rates of fast food outlets in high with those in low level of ethnic concentration ranged between 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.55 (Bangladeshi) and 2.62, 1.46-4.70 (Chinese). Similar to White British, however, increasing ethnic minority concentration was associated with increasing rate of supermarkets and indoor physical activity facilities. Outdoor physical activity facilities were less likely to be in high than low ethnic concentration areas for some minority groups.

Conclusions

Overall, ethnic minority concentration was associated with a mixture of both advantages and disadvantages in the provision of food outlets and physical activity facilities. These issues might contribute to ethnic differences in food choices and engagement in physical activity.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Molaodi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Butland B, Jebb S, Kopelman P, McPherson K, Thomas S, Mardell J, Parry V: Foresight. Tackling Obesities: Future Choices –Project report. Government Office for Science, London,UK; 2007.
• [2]Becker E, Boreham R, Chaudhury M, Craig R, Deverill C, Doyle M, Erens B, Falaschetti E, Fuller E, Hills A, Hirani V, Jotangia D, Mindell J, Natarajan L, Stamatakis E, Wardle W, Zaninotto P: The health of minority ethnic groups. Joint Health Surveys Unit (National Centre for Social Research and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Royal Free and University College Medical School 2006.
• [3]Harding S, Teyhan A, Maynard MJ, Cruickshank JK: Ethnic differences in overweight and obesity in early adolescence in the MRC DASH study: the role of adolescent and parental lifestyle. Int J Epidemiol 2008, 37:162-172.
• [4]Ellaway A, Macintyre S: Does where you live predict health related behaviours? A case study in Glasgow. Health Bulletin 1996, 54:443-446.
• [5]Ellaway A, Anderson A, Macintyre S: Does area of residence affect body size and shape? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997, 21:304-308.
• [6]Rind E, Jones AP: The geography of recreational physical activity in England. Health Place 2010, 17:157-165.
• [7]Moon G, Quarendon G, Barnard S, Twigg L, Blyth B: Fat nation: deciphering the distinctive geographies of obesity in England. Soc Sci Med 2007, 65:20-31.
• [8]Swinburn B, Egger G: Preventive strategies against weight gain and obesity. Obes Rev. 2002, 3:289-301.
• [9]Melvyn H, Jenna P, Charlie F, Andy J: Equitable Access to Exercise Facilities. Am J Prev Med 2007, 32:506-508.
• [10]Lamb KE, Ferguson NS, Wang Y, Ogilvie D, Ellaway A: Distribution of physical activity facilities in Scotland by small area measures of deprivation and urbanicity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:76. BioMed Central Full Text
• [11]Parkes A, Kearns A: The multi-dimensional neighbourhood and health: a cross-sectional analysis of the Scottish Household Survey, 2001. Health Place 2006, 12:1-18.
• [12]Kwate NOA, Yau CY, Loh JM, Williams D: Inequality in obesigenic environments: Fast food density in New York City. Health Place 2009, 15:364-373.
• [13]Block JP, Scribner RA, DeSalvo KB: Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: a geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27:211-217.
• [14]Morland K, Filomena S: Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutr 2007, 10:1481-1489.
• [15]Neckerman KM, Bader MDM, Richards CA, Purciel M, Quinn JW, Thomas JS, Warbelow C, Weiss CC, Lovasi GS, Rundle A: Disparities in the food environments of New York City public schools. Am J Prev Med 2010, 39:195-202.
• [16]Dahmann N, Wolch J, Joassart-Marcelli P, Reynolds K, Jerrett M: The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources. Health Place 2010, 16:431-445.
• [17]Franco M, Diez Roux AV, Glass TA, Caballero B, Brancati FL: Neighborhood Characteristics and Availability of Healthy Foods in Baltimore. Am J Prev Med 2008, 35:561-567.
• [18]Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A: The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Public Health 2002, 92:1761-1767.
• [19]Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A, Poole C: Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med 2002, 22:23-29.
• [20]Peach C: Slippery Segregation: Discovering or Manufacturing Ghettos? J Ethn Migr Stud 2009, 35:1381-1395.
• [21]Johnston R, Forrest J, Poulsen M: Are there Ethnic Enclaves/Ghettos in English Cities? Urban Stud 2002, 39:591-618.
• [22]Peach C: Does Britain have ghettos? T I Brit Geogr 1996, 21:216-235.
• [23]Smith DM, Cummins S, Taylor M, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson AS: Neighbourhood food environment and area deprivation: spatial accessibility to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in urban and rural settings. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39:277-284.
• [24]Mbanya JC, Cruickshank JK, Forrester T, Balkau B, Ngogang JY, Riste L, Forhan A, Anderson NM, Bennett F, Wilks R: Standardized comparison of glucose intolerance in west African-origin populations of rural and urban Cameroon, Jamaica, and Caribbean migrants to Britain. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:434-440.
• [25]Sharma S, Cade J, Landman J, Cruickshank JK: Assessing the diet of the British African-Caribbean population: frequency of consumption of foods and food portion sizes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2002, 53:439-444.
• [26]Yates L: Cut price, what cost? How supermarkets can affect your chances of a healthy diet. National Consumer Council, London; 2009.
• [27]Ordnance Survey: Points of Interest. 2011. CD ROM
• [28]Van Meter E, Lawson A, Colabianchi N, Nichols M, Hibbert J, Porter D, Liese A: An evaluation of edge effects in nutritional accessibility and availability measures: a simulation study. Int J Health Geogr 2010, 9:40. BioMed Central Full Text
• [29]Cummins SC, McKay L, MacIntyre S: McDonald's restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:308-310.
• [30]Leyland AH, Goldstein H: Multilevel Modelling of Health Statistics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester; 2001.
• [31]Larsen K, Merlo J: Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health: integrating random and fixed effects in multilevel logistic regression. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 161:81-88.
• [32]Smoyer-Tomic KE, Spence JC, Raine KD, Amrhein C, Cameron N, Yasenovskiy V, Cutumisu N, Hemphill E, Healy J: The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and exposure to supermarkets and fast food outlets. Health Place 2008, 14:740-754.
• [33]Macdonald L, Ellaway A, Macintyre S: The food retail environment and area deprivation in Glasgow City. UK. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009, 6:52. BioMed Central Full Text
• [34]Macintyre S, Macdonald L, Ellaway A: Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities? The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Soc Sci Med 2008, 67:900-914.
• [35]Simpson L: Statistics or racial segregation: measures, evidence and policy. Urban Stud 2004, 41:661-681.
• [36]Finney N, Simpson L: 'Sleepwalking to segregation'?: challenging myths about race and migration. The Policy Press, Bristol; 2009.
• [37]Rawlins E, Baker G, Maynard M, Harding S: Perceptions of healthy eating and physical activity in an ethnically diverse sample of young children and their parents: the DEAL prevention of obesity study. J Hum Nutr Dietin press
• [38]Bowyer S, Caraher M, Eilbert K, Carr-Hill R: Shopping for food: lessons from a London borough. Brit Food J 2008, 111:452-74.
• [39]Lake AA, Burgoine T, Greenhalgh F, Stamp E, Tyrrell R: The foodscape: classification and field validation of secondary data sources. Health Place 2010, 16:666-673.
• [40]Cummins S, Macintyre S: Are secondary data sources on the neighbourhood food environment accurate? Case-study in Glasgow, UK. Prev Med 2009, 49:527-528.
• [41]Bader MD, Ailshire JA, Morenoff JD, House JS: Measurement of the local food environment: a comparison of existing data sources. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 171:609-617.
• [42]Madgwick D, Ravenscroft N: What’s local? Access to fresh food for older people. Local Economy 2010, 26:108-121.
• [43]Cummins S, Smith DM, Taylor M, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson AS: Variations in fresh fruit and vegetable quality by store type, urban–rural setting and neighbourhood deprivation in Scotland. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12:2044-2050.
• [44]Cummins S, Smith D, Aitken Z, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson A: Neighbourhood deprivation and the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in Scotland. J Hum Nutr Diet 2010, 23:494-501.
• [45]Cummins S, Findlay A, Higgins C, Petticrew M, Sparks L, Thomson H: Reducing inequalities in health and diet: findings from a study on the impact of a food retail development. Environ Planning A 2008, 40:402-422.
• [46]Macintyre S, McKay L, Cummins S, Burns C: Out-of-home food outlets and area deprivation: case study in Glasgow, UK. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2005, 2:16. BioMed Central Full Text
• [47]Harding S, Maynard M, Adamson A, Anderson AA, Mutrie N, Petticrew M, Baker G, Rawlins E: Final Report:Obesity in ethnic minority children and adolescents: developing acceptable parent and child-based interventions in schools and places of worship – The MRC DiEt and Active Living (DEAL) study 2011. http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/project_2005-2011_b607.html webcite