Effect of crude degummed canola oil and ad libitum grazing on plasma metabolites of primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in a pasture-based system

BMC Veterinary Research

Aduli E O Malau-Aduli²  Peter Nish⁵  Razaq O Balogun¹  Bunmi S Malau-Aduli³  John R Otto⁴ 

[1] CopRice Feeds, Cobden 3266, Victoria, Australia;Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia;College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4871, Queensland, Australia;Animal Science and Genetics, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia;TasHerd Pty Limited, Hadspen 7290, Tasmania, Australia

关键词: Plasma metabolites;    Supplement;    Crude degummed canola oil;    Primiparous Holstein-Friesians;   

Others  :  1118956
DOI  :  10.1186/s12917-014-0224-5

 received in 2014-05-30, accepted in 2014-09-18,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The supplementation of fat to lactating dairy cows has long been used as a management tool to increase dietary energy density for improving cow production, reproduction and to alleviate negative energy balance. Attempts have been made to investigate the effect of canola meal on plasma metabolites in lactating cows, but the results have been diverse and inconsistent. To our current knowledge, there is a dearth of published information on the utilization of Crude Degummed Canola Oil (CDCO) in pasture-based dairy systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the changes in plasma metabolite profiles of pasture-based, primiparous, Holstein-Friesian cows supplemented with varying dietary levels of CDCO for eight weeks. The study tested the hypothesis that feeding grazing primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows for eight weeks with incrementallevels of CDCO supplement will decrease plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) andβ-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), but increase plasma cholesterol and glucose metabolites.

Results

Twenty lactating primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows 40 days in milk were randomly allotted into four treatment groups that consisted of a wheat-based, pelleted basal diet with no supplemental CDCO (control), basal diet with CDCO added at 25 ml/kgDM (DM; dry matter) (low), 35 ml/kgDM (medium) and 50 ml/kgDM (high) in an eight-week feeding trial, after two weeks of adjustment. Treatment influenced BHBA but had no effect on plasma NEFA, cholesterol and glucose metabolite profiles (P > 0.05). However, week of supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on BHBA, NEFA and glucose concentrations.

Conclusions

We concluded that with the exception of BHBA, CDCO at current levels of supplementation does not alter the plasma metabolite profiles of grazing primiparous cows. The lack of significant differences across treatments seems to indicate that higher levels of CDCO than the current levels used in this study, are probably needed. Furthermore, the duration of supplementation with CDCO had a greater impact on plasma metabolites than the levels of supplementation. Our findings also suggest that primiparous cows grazing high quality pastures during spring have sufficient energy intakes to prevent negative energy balance at 40 days in milk without the need for added fat supplements.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Otto et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Moran J, McLean D: Heifer Rearing: A Guide to Rearing Dairy Replacement Heifers in Australia. Bolwarrah Press, Victoria; 2001.
• [2]Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livest Prod Sci 2001, 70:15-29.
• [3]Colazo M, Hayirli A, Doepel L, Ambrose D: Reproductive performance of dairy cows is influenced by prepartum feed restriction and dietary fatty acid source. J Dairy Sci 2009, 92:2562-2571.
• [4]Grummer R, Carroll D: Effects of dietary fat on metabolic disorders and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 1991, 69:3838-3852.
• [5]Leroy JLMR, Vanholder T, Mateusen B, Christophe A, Opsomer G, de Kruif A, Genicot G, Van Soom A: Non-esterified fatty acids in follicular fluid of dairy cows and their effect on developmental capacity of bovine oocytes in vitro. Reproduction 2005, 130:485-495.
• [6]Lopes C, Cooke R, Reis M, Peres R, Vasconcelos J: Strategic supplementation of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2011, 89:3116-3124.
• [7]Drackley JK, Overton TR, Douglas GN: Adaptations of glucose and long-chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci 2001, 84:100-112.
• [8]Adewuyi A, Gruys E, Van Eerdenburg F: Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in dairy cattle. A review Vet Quart 2005, 27:117-126.
• [9]Schroeder G, Gagliostro G, Bargo F, Delahoy J, Muller L: Effects of fat supplementation on milk production and composition by dairy cows on pasture: a review. Livest Prod Sci 2004, 86:1-18.
• [10]Delbecchi L, Ahnadi C, Kennelly J, Lacasse P: Milk fatty acid composition and mammary lipid metabolism in Holstein cows fed protected or unprotected canola seeds. J Dairy Sci 2001, 84:1375-1381.
• [11]Hayirli A, Keisler DH, Doepel L: Peripartum responses of dairy cows to prepartal feeding level and dietary fatty acid source. J Dairy Sci 2011, 94:917-930.
• [12]Khorasani G, De Boer G, Robinson P, Kennelly J: Effect of canola fat on ruminal and total tract digestion, plasma hormones, and metabolites in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1992, 75:492-501.
• [13]Khorasani GR, Kennelly JJ: Effect of added dietary fat on performance, rumen characteristics, and plasma metabolites of mid-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1998, 81:2459-2468.
• [14]Bellows R, Grings E, Simms D, Geary T, Bergman J: Effects of feeding supplemental fat during gestation to first-calf beef heifers. Prof Anim Sci 2001, 17:81-89.
• [15]Bottger J, Hess B, Alexander B, Hixon D, Woodard L, Funston R, Hallford D, Moss G: Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2002, 80:2023-2030.
• [16]Chelikani PK, Glimm DR, Keisler DH, Kennelly JJ: Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin. J Dairy Res 2004, 71:288-296.
• [17]Chichlowski MW, Schroeder JW, Park CS, Keller WL, Schimek DE: Altering the fatty acids in milk fat by including canola seed in dairy cattle diets. J Dairy Sci 2005, 88:3084-3094.
• [18]LaCount D, Drackley J, Laesch S, Clark J: Secretion of oleic acid in milk fat in response to abomasal infusions of canola or high oleic sunflower fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 1994, 77:1372-1385.
• [19]Beam S, Butler W: Energy balance, metabolic hormones, and early postpartum follicular development in dairy cows fed prilled lipid. J Dairy Sci 1998, 81:121-131.
• [20]Butler W: Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2000, 60:449-457.
• [21]Butler W: Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livest Prod Sci 2003, 83:211-218.
• [22]De Vries MC, Veerkamp R: Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to milk production variables and fertility. J Dairy Sci 2000, 83:62-69.
• [23]Andersen JB, Ridder C, Larsen T: Priming the cow for mobilisation in the peri-parturient period: effects of supplementing the dry cow with saturated fat or linseed. J Dairy Sci 2008, 91:1029-1043.
• [24]Douglas G, Rehage J, Beaulieu A, Bahaa A, Drackley J: Prepartum nutrition alters fatty acid composition in plasma, adipose tissue, and liver lipids of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2007, 90:2941-2959.
• [25]Drackley JK: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? J Dairy Sci 1999, 82:2259-2273.
• [26]Wathes D, Bourne N, Cheng Z, Mann G, Taylor V, Coffey M: Multiple correlation analyses of metabolic and endocrine profiles with fertility in primiparous and multiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 2007, 90:1310-1325.
• [27]Meikle A, Kulcsar M, Chilliard Y, Febel H, Delavaud C, Cavestany D, Chilibroste P: Effects of parity and body condition at parturition on endocrine and reproductive parameters of the cow. Reproduction 2004, 127:727-737.
• [28]Heitmann R, Fernandez J: Autoregulation of alimentary and hepatic ketogenesis in sheep. J Dairy Sci 1986, 69:1270-1281.
• [29]Roche J, Sheahan A, Chagas L, Boston R: Short communication: change in Plasma Ghrelin in dairy cows following an intravenous glucose challenge. J Dairy Sci 2008, 91:1005-1010.
• [30]Duske K, Hammon H, Langhof AK, Bellmann O, Losand B, Nürnberg K, Nürnberg G, Sauerwein H, Seyfert H, Metges C: Metabolism and lactation performance in dairy cows fed a diet containing rumen-protected fat during the last twelve weeks of gestation. J Dairy Sci 2009, 92:1670-1684.
• [31]Sutton J: Digestion and absorption of energy substrates in the lactating cow. J Dairy Sci 1985, 68:3376-3393.
• [32]Mashek D, Grummer R: Effects of long chain fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2390-2396.
• [33]Bauchart D: Lipid absorption and transport in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:3864-3881.
• [34]Grummer R, Carroll D: A review of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism: importance to ovarian function. J Anim Sci 1988, 66:3160.
• [35]Staples C, Burke J, Thatcher W: Influence of supplemental fats on reproductive tissues and performance of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 1998, 81:856-871.
• [36]Carroll D, Jerred M, Grummer R, Combs D, Pierson R, Hauser E: Effects of fat supplementation and immature alfalfa to concentrate ratio on plasma progesterone, energy balance, and reproductive traits of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1990, 73:2855-2863.
• [37]Hawkins D, Niswender K, Oss G, Moeller C, Odde K, Sawyer H, Niswender G: An increase in serum lipids increases luteal lipid content and alters the disappearance rate of progesterone in cows. J Anim Sci 1995, 73:541-545.
• [38]Hamama AA, Bhardwaj HL, Starner DE: Genotype and growing location effects on phytosterols in canola oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2003, 80:1121-1126.
• [39]Vlahakis C, Hazebroek J: Phytosterol accumulation in canola, sunflower, and soybean oils: effects of genetics, planting location, and temperature. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2000, 77:49-53.
• [40]Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E: Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. New Engl J Med 1995, 333:1308-1312.
• [41]Funston RN: Fat supplementation and reproduction in beef females. J Anim Sci 2004, 82:154-161.
• [42]Howlett CM, Vanzant E, Anderson L, Burris W, Fieser B, Bapst R: Effect of supplemental nutrient source on heifer growth and reproductive performance, and on utilization of corn silage-based diets by beef steers. J Anim Sci 2003, 81:2367-2378.
• [43]Williams G, Stanko R: Dietary fats as reproductive nutraceuticals in beef cattle. 1999.
• [44]Chilliard Y, Glasser F, Ferlay A, Bernard L, Rouel J, Doreau M: Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Tech 2007, 109:828-855.
• [45]Jenkins T: Lipid metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:3851-3863.
• [46]Stockdale CR: Body condition at calving and the performance of dairy cows in early lactation under Australian conditions: a review. Aust J Exp Agr 2001, 41:823-839.
• [47]The Condition Magician. Body Condition Scoring in Dairy Herds. Seasonal/Split and Year Round Calving. Department of Primary Industry, Victoria; 2003.
• [48]Van Soest PV, Robertson J, Lewis B: Method for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991, 74:3583-3597.
• [49]Del Galdo I, Oechel WC, Francesca Cotrufo M: Effects of past, present and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil organic matter dynamics in a chaparral ecosystem. Soil Biol Biochem 2006, 38:3235-3244.
• [50]Weiss WP: Predicting energy values of feeds 1. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:1802-1811.