International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals

BMC Veterinary Research

Holger A. Volk⁹  Andrea Tipold^1,14  Veronika M. Stein^1,14  Clare Rusbridge^1,11  Martí Batlle Pumarola^1,19  Heidrun Potschka⁷  Michael Podell^1,18  Simon Platt^1,15  Jacques Penderis^1,13  Edward E. Patterson⁴  Karen Muñana⁸  Kaspar Matiasek⁶  Sam Long³  Andrea Fischer^1,17  Luisa De Risio²  Sofie F. M. Bhatti^1,16  Akos Pakozdy^1,12  Paul J. J. Mandigers⁵  Robyn G. Farquhar^1,10  Mette Berendt¹ 

[1] Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark;Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK;University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, Victoria, 3015, Australia;University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3583 CM, The Netherlands;Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, Munich, 80539, Germany;Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, Munich, 80539, Germany;Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh 27607, NC, USA;Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK;Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, SG9 0TH, UK;School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7TE, UK;Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria;Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, Stirlingshire, FK7 7LE, UK;Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens 30602, GA, USA;Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium;Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, Munich, 80539, Germany;Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago 60618, IL, USA;Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain

关键词: Semiology;    Classification;    Dog;    Seizures;    Epilepsy;   

Others  :  1224259
DOI  :  10.1186/s12917-015-0461-2

 received in 2015-06-03, accepted in 2015-06-29,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, “a common language”, for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies.

In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Berendt et al.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Jokinen TS, Metsähonkala L, Bergamasco L, Viitmaa R, Syrjä P, Lohi H et al.. Benign familial juvenile epilepsy in Lagotto Romagnolo dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2007; 21(3):464-71.
• [2]Seppala EH, Jokinen TS, Fukata M, Fukata Y, Webster MT, Karlsson EK et al.. LGI2 truncation causes a remitting focal epilepsy in dogs. PLoS Genet. 2011; 7(7):e1002194.
• [3]Seppala EH, Koskinen LLE, Gulløv CH, Jokinen P, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Bergamasco L et al.. Identification of a novel idiopathic epilepsy locus in Belgian Shepherd dogs. PLoS One. 2012; 7(3):e33549.
• [4]Stassen W, van Steenbeek F, van Rhijn N, Tenwolde R, Leegwater P. Identification of a novel epilepsy gene in Boerboel dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2013; 27:30.
• [5]Shorvon S. The concept of symptomatic epilepsy and the complexities of assigning cause in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 32C:1-8.
• [6]Kearsley-Fleet L, O’Neill DG, Volk HA, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Vet Rec. 2013; 172(13):338.
• [7]Heske L, Nodtvedt A, Jaderlund KH, Berendt M, Egenvall A. A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. Vet J. 2014; 202(3):471-6.
• [8]Famula TR, Oberbauer AM, Brown KN. Heritability of epileptic seizures in the Belgian tervueren. J Small Anim Pract. 1997; 38(8):349-52.
• [9]Jaggy A, Faissler D, Gaillard C, Srenk P, Graber H. Genetic aspects of idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract. 1998; 39(6):275-80.
• [10]Kathmann I, Jaggy A, Busato A, Bartschi M, Gaillard C. Clinical and genetic investigations of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog. J Small Anim Pract. 1999; 40(7):319-25.
• [11]Nielen AL, Knol BW, van Hagen MA, van der Gaag I. Genetic and epidemiological investigation of a birth cohort of boxers. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2003; 128(19):586-90.
• [12]Berendt M, Gredal H, Pedersen LG, Alban L, Alving J. A cross-sectional study of epilepsy in Danish Labrador Retrievers: prevalence and selected risk factors. J Vet Intern Med. 2002; 16(3):262-8.
• [13]Patterson EE, Mickelson JR, Da Y, Roberts MC, McVey AS, O’Brien DP et al.. Clinical characteristics and inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in Vizslas. J Vet Intern Med. 2004; 17(3):319-25.
• [14]Patterson EE, Armstrong PJ, O’Brien DP, Roberts MC, Johnson GS, Mickelson JR. Clinical description and mode of inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in English springer spaniels. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005; 226(1):54-8.
• [15]Casal ML, Munuve RM, Janis MA, Werner P, Henthorn PS. Epilepsy in Irish Wolfhounds. J Vet Intern Med. 2006; 20(1):131-5.
• [16]Berendt M, Gulløv CH, Christensen SLK, Gudmundsdottir H, Gredal H, Fredholm M et al.. Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd variants Groenendael and Tervueren born in Denmark 1995–2004. Acta Vet Scand. 2008; 50:51. BioMed Central Full Text
• [17]Kloene J, Sewell A, Hamann H, Distl O, Tipold A. Klinische Untersuchungen zu Krampfanfällen bei Border Terriern. Kleintierpraxis. 2008; 8(1):5-12.
• [18]Berendt M, Gulløv CH, Fredholm M. Focal epilepsy in the Belgian shepherd: evidence for simple Mendelian inheritance. J Small Anim Pract. 2009; 50(12):655-61.
• [19]Gulløv CH, Toft N, Baadsager MMN, Berendt M. Epilepsy in the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen: Prevalence, Semiology, and Clinical Phenotype. J Vet Intern Med. 2011; 25(6):1372-8.
• [20]Oberbauer A, Grossman D, Irion D, Schaffer A, Eggleston M, Famula T. The genetics of epilepsy in the Belgian tervuren and sheepdog. J Heredity Vol. 2003; 94:57-63.
• [21]Oberbauer AM, Belanger JM, Grossman DI, Regan KR, Famula TR. Genome-wide linkage scan for loci associated with epilepsy in Belgian shepherd dogs. BMC Genet. 2010; 11:35. BioMed Central Full Text
• [22]Ekenstedt KJ, Oberbauer AM. Inherited Epilepsy in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013; 28(2):51-8.
• [23]Hülsmeyer V, Zimmermann R, Brauer C, Sauter-Louis C, Fischer A. Epilepsy in Border Collies: clinical manifestation, outcome, and mode of inheritance. J Vet Intern Med. 2010; 24(1):171-8.
• [24]Weissl J, Hulsmeyer V, Brauer C, Tipold A, Koskinen LL, Kyöstilä K, Lohi H, Sauter-Louis C, Wolf M, Fischer A. Disease Progression and Treatment Response of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Australian Shepherd Dogs. J Vet Int Med 2012;26:116-125.
• [25]Licht BG, Lin S, Luo Y, Hyson LL, Licht MH, Harper KM et al.. Clinical characteristics and mode of inheritance of familial focal seizures in Standard Poodles. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007; 231(10):1520-8.
• [26]Hülsmeyer VI, Fischer A, Mandigers P, DeRisio L, Berendt M, Rusbridge C, et al. Current evidence for idiopathic epilepsy in purebred dogs. BMC veterinary research 2015. (In press).
• [27]Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, Van Emde BW et al.. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(4):676-85.
• [28]Berg AT, Scheffer IE. New concepts in classification of the epilepsies: Entering the 21st century. Epilepsia. 2011; 52(6):1058-62.
• [29]Shorvon SD. The etiologic classification of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011; 52(6):1052-7.
• [30]Fisher RS, Van Emde BW, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P et al.. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005; 46(4):470-2.
• [31]Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981. 22(4):489–501.
• [32]Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989. 30(4):389–399.
• [33]Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1993. 34(4):592–596.
• [34]Proposal for classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1985. 26(3):268–278.
• [35]Berendt M, Gram L. Epilepsy and seizure classification in 63 dogs: a reappraisal of veterinary epilepsy terminology. J Vet Intern Med. 1999; 13(1):14-20.
• [36]Podell M: Seizures. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology. edn. Edited by Platt S, Olby N. BSAVA; 2013. 117–135.
• [37]Mariani CL. Terminology and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy in Veterinary Patients. Top Companion Anim Med. 2013; 28(2):34-41.
• [38]Licht BG, Licht MH, Harper KM, Lin S, Curtin JJ, Hyson LL et al.. Clinical presentations of naturally occurring canine seizures: similarities to human seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2002; 3(5):460-470.
• [39]Srenk P, Jaggy A. Interictal electroencephalographic findings in a family of golden retrievers with idiopathic epilepsy. J Small Anim Pract. 1996; 37(7):317-21.
• [40]Podell M, Fenner WR, Powers JD. Seizure classification in dogs from a nonreferral-based population. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995; 206(11):1721-8.
• [41]Heynold Y, Faissler D, Steffen F, Jaggy A. Clinical, epidemiological and treatment results of idiopathic epilepsy in 54 labrador retrievers: a long-term study. J Small Anim Pract. 1997; 38(1):7-14.
• [42]Jaggy A, Bernardini M. Idiopathic epilepsy in 125 dogs: a long-term study. Clinical and electroencephalographic findings. J Small Anim Pract. 1998; 39(1):23-9.
• [43]Morita T, Shimada A, Takeuchi T, Hikasa Y, Sawada M, Ohiwa S et al.. Cliniconeuropathologic findings of familial frontal lobe epilepsy in Shetland sheepdogs. Can J Vet Res. 2002; 66(1):35-41.
• [44]Chang Y, Mellor DJ, Anderson TJ. Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs: owners’ perspectives on management with phenobarbitone and/or potassium bromide. J Small Anim Pract. 2006; 47(10):574-81.
• [45]Volk HA, Matiasek LA, Luján Feliu-Pascual A, Platt SR, Chandler KE. The efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in pharmacoresistant epileptic dogs. Vet J. 2008; 176(3):310-9.
• [46]Pákozdy A, Leschnik M, Tichy AG, Thalhammer JG. Retrospective clinical comparison of idiopathic versus symptomatic epilepsy in 240 dogs with seizures. Acta Vet Hung. 2008; 56(4):471-83.
• [47]Beghi E. New classification proposals for epilepsy: a real advancement in the nosography of the disease? Epilepsia. 2011; 52(6):1197-1198.
• [48]Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE et al.. ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55(4):475-482.
• [49]De Risio L, Bhatti S, Muñana KR, Penderis J, Stein VM, Tipold A, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Consensus Proposal: Diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC veterinary research 2015.
• [50]Lohi H, Young EJ, Fitzmaurice SN, Rusbridge C, Chan EM, Vervoort M et al.. Expanded repeat in canine epilepsy. Science. 2005; 307(5706):81.
• [51]Blume WT, Lüders HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, van Emde BW, Engel J. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2001; 42(9):1212-8.