A large seroprevalence survey of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria

BMC Veterinary Research

Peter N Thompson³  Junaidu Kabir²  Peter C Irons³  Hassan M Mai¹ 

[1] Animal Production Programme, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P. M. B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria;Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa

关键词: Seroprevalence;    RBPT;    Northern Nigeria;    Management systems;    c-ELISA;    Brucellosis;   

Others  :  1119743
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-6148-8-144

 received in 2012-03-10, accepted in 2012-08-15,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

This study was carried out to investigate the status of brucellosis in cattle under various management systems in Adamawa, Kaduna and Kano states, northern Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling, serum samples of 4,745 cattle from 271 herds were tested using the Rose-Bengal plate-agglutination test (RBPT) and positives were confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA).

Results

Prevalence estimates were calculated by adjusting for sampling weights and where possible for test sensitivity and specificity. Thirty-seven percent of all animals were RBPT positive, and after confirmation with c-ELISA the overall animal-level prevalence, adjusted for sampling weights, was 26.3% (95% CI, 22.1%-31.0%). Of the herds sampled, 210 (77.5%; 95% CI, 68.6%-84.5%) had at least one animal positive to both tests; this did not differ significantly between states (P = 0.538). Mean within-herd seroprevalence in positive herds was 30.2% (95% CI, 25.3%-35.1%) and ranged from 3.1% to 85.7%. Overall animal-level seroprevalences of 29.2% (95% CI, 22.5%-36.9%) n = 1,827, 23.3% (95% CI, 18.9%-28.3%) n = 1,870 and 26.7% (95% CI, 18.8%-36.7%) n = 1,048 were observed in Adamawa, Kaduna and Kano states, respectively (P = 0.496). A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in males (38.2%; 95% CI, 31.7%-45.2%) than in females (24.7%; 95% CI, 20.4%-29.5%) (P < 0.001) and in non-pregnant females (27.8%; 95% CI, 22.9%-33.5%) than in pregnant females (17.2%; 95% CI, 13.6%-21.5%) (P < 0.001). Seroprevalence increased with increasing age (P < 0.001), from 13.5% (95% CI, 8.9%-19.9%) in cattle <4 years to 35.0% (95% CI, 28.5%-42.3%) in cattle >7 years. Seroprevalence also varied between management systems (P < 0.001): pastoral systems 45.1% (95% CI, 38.6%-51.9%), zero-grazing systems 23.8% (95% CI, 6.8%-59.2%), agro-pastoral systems 22.0% (95% CI, 17.3%-27.8%), and commercial farms 15.9% (95% CI, 9.5%-25.5%). Seroprevalence did not differ significantly between breeds or lactation status.

Conclusion

This is the first large study to assess the prevalence of bovine brucellosis over a wide geographic area of northern Nigeria, in a variety of management systems and using accurate tests. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was high, and higher than results of previous studies in northern Nigeria. The pastoral management systems of the traditional Fulanis may be encouraging the dissemination of the disease. Public enlightenment of the farmers about the disease, vaccination and appropriate national control measures are recommended.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Mai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Poester FP, Goncalves VSP, Lage AP: Brucellosis in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2002, 90:55-62.
• [2]McDermott JJ, Arimi SM: Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa; epidemiology, control and impact. Vet Microbiol 2002, 90:111-134.
• [3]Ocholi RA, Kwaga JKP, Ajogi I, Bale JO: Phenotypic characterization of Brucella strains isolated from livestock in Nigeria. Vet Microbiol 2004, 103:47-53.
• [4]Adamu NB: Epidemiology of brucella infection in ruminants and humans and its public health implications in Borno state, Nigeria. PhD thesis. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 2009.
• [5]Godfroid J, Bosman PP, Herr S, Bishop GC: Bovine Brucellosis. In Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 3rd edition. Edited by Coetzer JAW, Thompson G, Tustin RC. Oxford University Press, South Africa; 2004:1510-1527.
• [6]Kumi-Diaka J, Bale JO, Ogwu D, Osori D: Effect of Brucella abortus infection on spermatogenesis in three Zebu bulls (Bos indicus). A case report. Theriogenology 1980, 14:167-171.
• [7]Bale JO, Nuru S, Addo PB: Serological study of sheep and goat brucellosis in Northern Nigeria. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 1982, 30:73-79.
• [8]Nicoletti P: The epidemiology of bovine brucellosis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1980, 24:69-98.
• [9]Bercovich Z: Maintenance of Brucella abortus-free herds: A review with emphasis on the epidemiology and the problems in diagnosing brucellosis in areas of low prevalence. Vet Quart 1998, 20:81-88.
• [10]Pappas G, Markoula S, Seitarids S, Akritidis N, Tsianos T: Brucellosis as a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Annals Rheum Dis 2005, 64:792-793.
• [11]Nuru S, Dennis SM: Abortion and reproductive performance of cattle in Northern Nigeria: A questionnaire survey. Trop Anim Health Prod 1976, 8:213-219.
• [12]Ocholi RA, Ezeokoli CD, Akerejola OO, Saror DI: Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cattle for Brucella antibodies in Nigeria. Vet Quart 1996, 18:22-24.
• [13]Pam EG: Serological prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants slaughtered at Jos abattoir, Jos. MSc thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Public Health, Nigeria; 1995.
• [14]Bertu WJ, Gusi AM, Hassan M, Mwankon E, Ocholi RA, Ior DD, Husseini BA, Ibrahim G, Abdoel TH, Smits HL: Serological evidence for brucellosis in Bos indicus in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012, 44:253-258.
• [15]Esuruoso GO, Van blake HE: Bovine brucellosis in two southern states of Nigeria: 1. An investigation of selected herds. Bull Epiz Dis Afr 1972, 20:269.
• [16]Esuruoso GO: Current status of brucellosis in Nigeria and preliminary evaluation of probable cost and benefit of proposed brucellosis control programme for the country. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. Edited by Geemwy WA. Australian Government Publishing Services, Canberra; 1979:644-649.
• [17]Esuruoso GO: Brucellosis in Nigeria. Vet Rec 1974, 95:54-58.
• [18]Cadmus SIB, Adesokan HK, Stack J: The use of the milk ring test and Rose Bengal test in brucellosis control and eradication in Nigeria. J S Afr Vet Med Ass 2008, 79:113-115.
• [19]Bale JO, Kumi-Diaka J: Serological and bacteriological study of bovine brucellae from livestock investigation and breeding centers in Nigeria. Brit Vet J 1981, 137:256-261.
• [20]Junaidu AU, Oboegbulem SI, Salihu MD: Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in prison farm in Sokoto, Nigeria. Asian J Epidemiol 2008, 1:24-28.
• [21]Junaidu AU, Oboegbulem SI, Salihu MD: Serological survey of Brucella antibodies in breeding herds. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 2011, 1:60-65.
• [22]Bayemi PH, Webb EC, Nsongka MV, Unger H, Njakoi H: Prevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in serum of Holstein cattle in Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009, 41:141-144.
• [23]Schelling E, Diguimbaye C, Daoud S, Nicolet J, Boerlin P, Tanner M, Zinsstag J: Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Prev Vet Med 2003, 614:279-293.
• [24]Akapo JK: Brucellosis: Afrique tropical particularities epidemilogique, Clinique et bacteriologique. Rev Elev Med Pays Trop 1987, 40:307-320.
• [25]Kubuafor DK, Awumbila B, Akanmori BD: Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: Public health implications. Acta Trop 2000, 76:45-48.
• [26]Musa MT, Jahans KL, Fadalla ME: Clinical manifestation of brucellosis in cattle of the southern Dafur province, western Sudan. J Comp Pathol 1990, 103:95-99.
• [27]Bernard F, Vincent C, Matthieu L, David R, James D: Tuberculosis and brucellosis prevalence survey on dairy cattle in Mbarara milk basin (Uganda). Prev Vet Med 2005, 67:267-281.
• [28]Berhe G, Kelay B, Yilkal A: Seroepidemiological investigation of bovine brucellosis in the extensive production system of Tigray region of Ethiopia. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2007, 5:65-71.
• [29]Karimuribo ED, Ngowi HA, Swai ES, Kambarage DM: Prevalence of brucellosis in crossbred and indigenous cattle in Tanzania. Livestock Res Rural Dev 2007, 19:148. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/10/kari19148.htm webcite
• [30]Muma JB, Pandey GS, Munyeme M, Mumba C, Mkandawire E, Chimana HM: Brucellosis among smallholder cattle farmers in Zambia. Public health significance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011.
• [31]Matope G, Bhebhe E, Muma JB, Oloya J, Madekurozwa RL, Lund A, Skjerve E: Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in cattle from small holder dairy farms in Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011, 43:975-982.
• [32]Anon: Brucellosis in Cattle (Contagious Abortion): Annual Report, Directorate of Veterinary Services. National Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, South Africa; 1988:89.
• [33]OIE: Bovine brucellosis. In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France; 2011:1-35. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.03_BOVINE_BRUCELL.pdf webcite
• [34]Avong MA: A serological and bacteriological investigation of brucellosis in wild rats in four local government areas of Kaduna State. MSc thesis. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 2000.
• [35]Muma JB, Samui KL, Oloya J, Munyeme M, Skjerve E: Risk factors for brucellosis in indigenous cattle reared in livestock-wildlife interface areas of Zambia. Prev Vet Med 2007, 80:306-317.
• [36]Rikin UM: Brucellosis of cattle in Nigeria. Proposals for a control under intensive and extensive husbandry systems. Acta Vet Scand 1988, 84(Suppl):95-97.
• [37]Atsanda NN, Agbede SA: Seroprevalence of brucellosis antibodies in cattle herds and human beings in some parts of Adamawa state of Nigeria. Sokoto J Vet Sci 2001, 3:34-38.
• [38]Acha PN, Szyfres B: Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. 3rd edition. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC; 2003:377.
• [39]Richey EJ, Harrell CD: Herd Management. University of Florida, IFAS Extension; 2008.
• [40]Anon: Brucellosis in Cattle (Contagious Abortion). Annual Report, Directorate of Veterinary Services. National Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, South Africa; 1990.
• [41]Nuru S, Schnurrenberger P: The present status of bovine brucellosis in Nigeria. Its prevalence, significance and areas of research need. Bull Off Int Epiz 1975, 83:1113-1123.
• [42]Muma JB, Toft N, Oloya J, Lund A, Nielsen K, Samui K, Skjerve E: Evaluation of three serological tests for brucellosis in naturally infected cattle using latent class analysis. Vet Microbiol 2007, 125:187-192.
• [43]Nielsen K, Gall D, Jolley M, Leishman G, Balsevicius S, Smith P, Nicoletti P, Thomas F: A homogeneous fluorescence polarization assay for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus. J Immunol Methods 1996, 195:161-168.
• [44]Bourn D, Wint W, Blench R, Woolley E: Nigerian Livestock Resources Survey. Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control Services, Abuja, Nigeria; 1992.
• [45]Adebayo AA, Tukur AL: Adamawa State in Maps. 1st edition. Paraclete Publishers, Yola. Nigeria; 1999:112.
• [46]Mai HM: Some environmental and physiological factors affecting fertility rates in artificially inseminated cattle herds. MSc thesis. Veterinary Surgery and Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; 1997.
• [47]Oyedipe EO, Buvanendran V, Eduvie LO: Some factors affecting the reproductive performance of Bunaji cattle. Trop Agric (Trinidad) 1982, 59:231-234.
• [48]Physical setting. Kano State, Nigeria; http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/kanoadv.asp?blurb=281 webcite
• [49]Kano Climate Information: ClimateTemp.info, Making Sense of Average Monthly Temperature & Weather Data with Detailed Climate Graphs That Portray Average Rainfall & Sunshine Hours. http://www.climatetemp.info/nigeria/kano.html webcite
• [50]Thrusfield M: Veterinary Epidemiology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science Limited, Oxford, UK; 2005.
• [51]Bennett S, Woods T, Liyanage WM, Smith DL: A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. Wld Health Statist Quart 1991, 44:98-106.
• [52]Otte MJ, Gumm ID: Intra-cluster correlation coefficients of twenty infections calculated from the results of cluster-sample surveys. Prev Vet Med 1997, 31:147-150.
• [53]Rao JNK, Scott AJ: On chi-squared tests for multiway contingency tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data. Ann Statist 1984, 12:46-60.
• [54]Rogan WJ, Gladen B: Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test. Am J Epidemiol 1978, 107:71-76.
• [55]Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Labruna MB, Vasconcellos SA, Rodrigues AAR, Morais ZM, Camargo LMA, Gennari SM: Risk factors and seroprevalence of Brucella spp. in cattle from western Amazon, Brazil. Arq Inst Biol 2007, 74:301-305.
• [56]History of Nigeria Agriculture By Sector. http://www.onlinenigeria.com/agriculture/?blurb=481 webcite
• [57]Nigerian economy. http://www.photius.com/countries/nigeria/economy/nigeria_economy_livestock.html webcite
• [58]Chima JC, Lombin LH, Molokwu JU, Abiayi EA, Majiyagbe KA: Current situation of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Nigeria and the relevance of c-ELISA in the control of the disease. Nairobi, Kenya; 2001. [A Paper presented at the Research Coordination Meeting of the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Programme]
• [59]Menachem B: Control of small ruminant brucellosis by use of Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine: laboratory aspects and field observations. Vet Microbiol 2002, 90:497.
• [60]Nielsen K, Smith P, Widdison J, Gall D, Kelly L, Kelly W, Nicoletti P: Serological relationship between cattle exposed to Brucella abortus, Yersinia enterolitica O:9 and Escherichia coli O157: H7. Vet Microbiol 2004, 100:25-30.
• [61]Munoz PM, Marin CM, Monreal D, Gonzalez D, Garin-Bastuji B, Diaz R, Mainar-Jaime RC, Moriyon I, Blasco JM: Efficacy of several serological tests and antigens for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the presence of false positive serological results due to Yersinia enterolitica O:9. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005, 12:141-151.
• [62]Eze EN: Isolation of brucellae from the Nigerian livestock and the typing of such isolates. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 1978, 26:29-36.
• [63]Refai M: Incidence and control of brucellosis in the near east region. Vet Microbiol 2000, 90:81-110.
• [64]Ibrahim N, Belihu K, Lobago F, Bekana M: Sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis and risk factors in Jimma zone of Oromia region, south-western Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010, 42:141-144.
• [65]Anon: Expert Reports: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Brucellosis. World Health Organisation Technical Report Series, 740. WHO, Geneva; 1986. http://libdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_740.pdf webcite
• [66]Crawford RP, Huber JD, Adams LG: Epidemiology and surveillance. In Animal Brucellosis. Edited by Nielsen K, Duncan B. CRC Press, Orlando; 1990:131-151.
• [67]Faul A, Bosman PP: South Africa. Bovine brucellosis and brucellosis of small ruminants. Rev Sci Tech 1987, 6:60-64.
• [68]Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N: Pathology of Domestic Animals. 4th edition. California. Academic press, San Diego; 1993.
• [69]O’Hara PJ, Christiansen KH: Investigations of abortions in brucellosis tested herds. New Zeal Vet J 1978, 26:70-73.
• [70]Kenyon S: Musculoskeletal disorders of cattle. http://ebookbrowse.com/musculoskeletal-disorders-of-cattle-kenyon-doc-d135474885 webcite
• [71]Martínez R, Dunner S, Toro R, Tobón J, Gallego J, Cañón J: Effect of polymorphisms in the Slc11a1 coding region on resistance to brucellosis by macrophages in vitro and after challenge in two Bos breeds (Blanco Orejinegro and Zebu). Genet Mol Biol 2010, 33:463-470.
• [72]Barthel R, Feng J, Piedrathia JA, McMurray DN, Templeton JW, Adams G: Stable trans infection of the bovine NRAMP1 gene into murine RAW264.7 cells: Effect on Brucella abortus survival. Infect Immun 2001, 69:3110-3119.
• [73]Chimana HM, Muma JB, Samui KL, Hangombe BM, Munyeme M, Matope G, Phiri AM, Godfroid J, Skjerve E, Tryland M: A comparative study of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in commercial and small-scale mixed dairy–beef cattle enterprises of Lusaka province and Chibombo district, Zambia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010, 42:1541-1545.
• [74]Bandyopadhyay S, Sasmal D, Dutta TK, Ghosh MK, Sarkar M, Sasmal NK, Bhattacharya M: Seroprevalence of brucellosis in yaks (Poephagusgrunniens) in India and evaluation of protective immunity to S19 vaccine. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009, 41:587-592.
• [75]Mekonnen H, Kalayou S, Kyule M, Asfaha M, Belihu K: Effect of brucella infection on reproduction conditions of female breeding cattle and its public health significance in western Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2011.
• [76]Medeiros MAB, Nascif JIA, Mathias LA: Prevalence of bovine brucellosis among milk suppliers of a dairy industry in Itirapuã, São Paulo, Brazil. ARS Veterinaria Jaboticabal 2011, 27:152-160.
• [77]Soomro AH: Study on seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes. 2006. http://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search/display.do?f=2009/PK/PK0901.xml;PK2009000058 webcite
• [78]Seleem NM, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N: Brucellosis: A re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol 2010, 140:392-398.