Short term effects of different omega-3 fatty acid formulation on lipid metabolism in mice fed high or low fat diet

Lipids in Health and Disease

Yu-Ming Wang¹  Chang-Hu Xue¹  Teruyoshi Yanagita²  Jing-Feng Wang¹  Jin-Zhang Li¹  Yong Xue¹  Jie Xu¹  Zhao-Jie Li¹  Xiao Tang¹ 

[1] College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China;Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan

关键词: Phospholipids;    Ethyl ester;    Triglycerides;    Lipid metabolism;    EPA;    DHA;    Omega-3 fatty acid;   

Others  :  1160285
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-511X-11-70

 received in 2012-02-08, accepted in 2012-06-07,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Bioactivities of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) depend on their chemical forms. The present study was to investigate short term effects of triglyceride (TG), ethyl ester (EE), free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid (PL) forms of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) on lipid metabolism in mice, fed high fat or low fat diet.

Method

Male Balb/c mice were fed with 0.7% different Omega-3 fatty acid formulation: DHA bound free fatty acid (DHA-FFA), DHA bound triglyceride (DHA-TG), DHA bound ethyl ester (DHA-EE) and DHA bound phospholipid (DHA-PL) for 1 week, with dietary fat levels at 5% and 22.5%. Serum and hepatic lipid concentrations were analyzed, as well as the fatty acid composition of liver and brain.

Result

At low fat level, serum total cholesterol (TC) level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic TG level decreased significantly in mice fed diets with DHA-TG (P < 0.05), DHA-EE (P < 0.05) and DHA-PL (P < 0.05), while TC level in liver was significantly lower in mice fed diets with TG and EE compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At high fat level, mice fed diets with DHA-EE and DHA-PL had significantly lower hepatic TC level compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic PL concentration experienced a significant increase in mice fed the diet with PL at high fat level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both at low and high fat levels, hepatic DHA level significantly increased and AA level significantly decreased in all forms of DHA groups (P < 0.05), compared to control groups at two different fat levels, respectively. Additionally, cerebral DHA level in mice fed diets with DHA-FFA, DHA-EE and DHA-PL significantly increased compared with the control at high fat level (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed among dietary treatments for mice fed diets with low fat level.

Conclusion

The present study suggested that not only total dietary fat content but also the molecular forms of omega-3 fatty acids contributed to lipid metabolism in mice. DHA-PL showed effective bioactivity in decreasing hepatic and serum TC, TG levels and increasing omega-3 concentration in liver and brain.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Tang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Richard D, Bausero P, Schneider C, Visioli F: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009, 66:3277-3288.
• [2]Leaf A: Cardiovascular effects of fish oils. Beyond the platelet. Circulation 1990, 82:624-628.
• [3]Dyerberg J, Bang HO: Lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and haemostasis in Eskimos: the role of prostaglandin-3 family. Haemostasis 1979, 8:227-233.
• [4]Harris WS: Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989, 30:785-807.
• [5]Fisher WR, Zech LA, Stacpoole PW: Apolipoprotein B metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic diabetic patients administrated either a fish oil-or vegetable oil-enriched diet. J Lipid Res 1998, 39:388-401.
• [6]Lombardo YB, Chicco AG: Effects of dietary polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in rodents and humans. A review. J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17:1-13.
• [7]Clarke SD, Jump DB: Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription. Lipids 1996, 31:7-11.
• [8]Kim HJ, Takahashi M, Ezaki O: Fish oil feeding decreases mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by down-regulation of SREBP-1c mRNA in mouse liver. A possible mechanism for down-regulation of lipogenic enzyme mRNAs. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:25892-25898.
• [9]Laye S: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, neuroinflammation and well being. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010, 82:295-303.
• [10]Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Mehra MR, Ventura HO: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:585-594.
• [11]Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, Böhles H, Campoy C, Cetin I, Decsi T, Dudenhausen JW, Dupont C, Forsyth S, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W, Lapillonne A, Putet G, Secher NJ, Symonds M, Szajewska H, Willatts P, Uauy R: World Association of Perinatal Medicine Dietary Guidelines Working Group: The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med 2008, 36:5-14.
• [12]Kris-Etherton PM, Grieger JA, Etherton TD: Dietary reference intakes for DHA and EPA. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81:99-104.
• [13]Gudbrandsen OA, Wergedahl H, Bohov P, Berge RK: The absorption, distribution and biological effects of a modified fatty acid in its free form and as an ethyl ester in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009, 179:227-232.
• [14]Dyerberg J, Madsen P, Møller JM, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EB: Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010, 83:137-141.
• [15]EL Boustani S, Colette C, Monnier L, Descomps B, Crastes de Paulet A, Mendy F: Enteral absorption in man of eicosapentaenoic acid in different chemical forms. Lipids 1987, 22:711-714.
• [16]Lawson LD, Hughes BG: Human absorption of fish oil fatty acids as triacylglycerols, free acids, or ethyl esters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988, 152:328-335.
• [17]Reicks M, Hoadley J, Satchithanandam S, Morehouse KM: Recovery of fish oil-derived fatty acids in lymph of thoracic duct-cannulated Wistar rats. Lipids 1990, 25:6-10.
• [18]Ikeda I, Imasato Y, Nagao H, Sasaki E, Sugano E, Imaizumi K, Yazawa K: Lymphatic transport of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as triglyceride, ethyl ester and free acid, and their effect on cholesterol transport in rats. Life Sci 1993, 52:1371-1379.
• [19]Krokan HE, Bjerve KS, Mork E: The enteral bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is as good from ethyl esters as from glyceryl esters in spite of lower hydrolytic rates by pancreatic lipase in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1168:59-67.
• [20]Swern D: Bailey’s Lecithins in industrial oil and fat products. Wiley, New York; 1979:369-370.
• [21]Morizawa K, Tomobe Y, Tsuchida M, Nakano Y, Hibino H, Tanaka Y: Dietary oils and phospholipids containing n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids suppress 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis in mice. J Jpn Oil Chem Soc 2000, 49:59-65.
• [22]Hiratsuka S, Ishihara K, Kitagawa T, Wada S, Yokogoshi H: Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid connecting phospholipids on the lipid peroxidation of brain in mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2008, 54:501-506.
• [23]Hosokawa M, Sato A, Ishigamori H, Kohno H, Tanaka H, Takahashi K: Synergistic effects of highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamine on differentiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001, 92:666-672.
• [24]Tochizawa K, Hosokawa M, Kurihara H, Kohno H, Odashima S, Takahashi K: Effect of phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid on differentiation and growth of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Oleo Sci 1997, 46:382-390.
• [25]Takahashi K: Medical applications of fisheries by-products. Dev Food Sci 2004, 42:87-96.
• [26]Lawson LD, Hughes BG: Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988, 156:960-963.
• [27]Tanaka Y, Ohkubo T, Fukuda N, Hibino H: Effect of Molecular Forms on Distribution of Docosahexaenoic Acid into Organs in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2003, 52:89-97.
• [28]Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957, 226:497-509.
• [29]Li DW, Xing JC, Zhang Z, Yang YL, Sun DZ: The Preparation and Purification of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester. Chem Adhes 1999, 1:49-50.
• [30]Bartlett GR: Phosphorous assay in column chromatography. J Biol Chem 1959, 234:466-468.
• [31]Banno F, Fujimoto K, Doisaki S, Shimizu N: Lymphatic Absorption and Effects on Lipid Metabolism of Docosahexaenoic Acid Given in the Form of Different Molecular Structure [abstract]. Nihon Yuka Gakkai Nenkai Koen Yoshishu 2000, 39:294.
• [32]Milte CM, Sinn N, Howe PR: Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease: towards an omega-3 index for mental health? Nutr Rev 2009, 67:573-590.
• [33]Schuchardt JP, Huss M, Stauss-Grabo M, Hahn A: Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. Eur J Pediatr 2010, 169:149-164.
• [34]Hibbeln JR: Depression, suicide and deficiencies of omega-3 essential fatty acids in modern diets. World Rev Nutr Diet 2009, 99:17-30.
• [35]Morris MC: The role of nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease: epidemiological evidence. Eur J Neurol 2009, 16:1-7.
• [36]Calon F, Cole G: Neuroprotective action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007, 77:287-293.
• [37]Suzuki H, Park SJ, Tamura M, Ando S: Effect of the Long-term feeding of dietary lipids on the learning ability. Fatty acid composition of brain stem phospholipids and synaptic membrane fluidity in adult mice: a comparison of sardine oil diet with palm oil diet. Mech Ageing Dev 1988, 101:119-128.
• [38]Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Fujii Y, Kikuta T, Shibata H, Shido O: Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid β-infused rats. J Nutr 2005, 135:549-555.
• [39]Shirai N, Higuchi T, Suzuki H: Effect of lipids extracted from a salted herring roe food product on maze-behavior in mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2006, 52:451-456.
• [40]Gamoh S, Hashimoto M, Sugiura K, Shahdat Hossain M, Hata N, Misawa Y, Masumura S: Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic improves reference memory-related learning ability in young rats. Neuroscience 1999, 93:237-241.
• [41]Mun S, Decker EA, McClements DJ: Influence of emulsifier type on in vitro digestibility of lipid droplets by pancreatic lipase. Food Res Int 2007, 40:770-781.
• [42]Beckermann B, Beneke M, Steitz I: Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docasehexaenoic acid from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 1990, 40:700-704.