Genomic view on the peopling of India

Investigative Genetics

Kumarasamy Thangaraj¹  Rakesh Tamang¹ 

[1] CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India

关键词: Y-chromosome;    tribe;    mtDNA;    Indians;    caste;    Admixture;   

Others  :  801749
DOI  :  10.1186/2041-2223-3-20

 received in 2012-05-09, accepted in 2012-08-07,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

India is known for its vast human diversity, consisting of more than four and a half thousand anthropologically well-defined populations. Each population differs in terms of language, culture, physical features and, most importantly, genetic architecture. The size of populations varies from a few hundred to millions. Based on the social structure, Indians are classified into various caste, tribe and religious groups. These social classifications are very rigid and have remained undisturbed by emerging urbanisation and cultural changes. The variable social customs, strict endogamy marriage practices, long-term isolation and evolutionary forces have added immensely to the diversification of the Indian populations. These factors have also led to these populations acquiring a set of Indian-specific genetic variations responsible for various diseases in India. Interestingly, most of these variations are absent outside the Indian subcontinent. Thus, this review is focused on the peopling of India, the caste system, marriage practice and the resulting health and forensic implications.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Tamang and Thangaraj; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Census of India. 2001. http://censusindia.gov.in/ webcite.
• [2]Census of India. 2011. http://censusindia.gov.in/ webcite.
• [3]Abbi A: Endangered languages of the Andaman Islands. München: Lincom Europa; 2006.
• [4]Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Kivisild T, Reddy AG, Singh VK, Rasalkar AA, Singh L: Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders. Science 2005, 308:996.
• [5]Cavalli-Sforza LL: The DNA revolution in population genetics. Trends Genet 1998, 14:60-65.
• [6]Yotova V, Lefebvre JF, Kohany O, Jurka J, Michalski R, Modiano D, Utermann G, Williams SM, Labuda D: Tracing genetic history of modern humans using X-chromosome lineages. Hum Genet 2007, 122:431-443.
• [7]Scholz CA, Johnson TC, Cohen AS, King JW, Peck JA, Overpeck JT, Talbot MR, Brown ET, Kalindekafe L, Amoako PY, Lyons RP, Shanahan TM, Castañeda IS, Heil CW, Forman SL, McHargue LR, Beuning KR, Gomez J, Pierson J: East African megadroughts between 135 and 75 thousand years ago and bearing on early-modern human origins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:16416-16421.
• [8]Macaulay V, Hill C, Achilli A, Rengo C, Clarke D, Meehan W, Blackburn J, Semino O, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Taha A, Shaari NK, Raja JM, Ismail P, Zainuddin Z, Goodwin W, Bulbeck D, Bandelt HJ, Oppenheimer S, Torroni A, Richards M: Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 2005, 308:1034-1036.
• [9]Clarkson C, Petraglia M, Korisettar R, Haslam M, Boivin N, Crowther A, Ditchfield P, Fuller D, Miracle P, Harris C, Connell K, James H, Koshy J: The oldest and longest enduring microlithic sequence in India: 35 000 years of modern human occupation and change at the Jwalapuram Locality 9 rockshelter. Antiquity 2009, 83(320):326-348.
• [10]Petraglia M, Korisettar R, Boivin N, Clarkson C, Ditchfield P, Jones S, Koshy J, Lahr MM, Oppenheimer C, Pyle D, Roberts R, Schwenninger JL, Arnold L, White K: Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 2007, 317:114-116.
• [11]Patnaik R, Chauhan P: India at the cross-roads of human evolution. J Biosci 2009, 34:729.
• [12]Patnaik R, Chauhan PR, Rao MR, Blackwell BA, Skinner AR, Sahni A, Chauhan MS, Khan HS: New geochronological, paleoclimatological, and archaeological data from the Narmada Valley hominin locality, central India. J Hum Evol 2009, 56:114-133.
• [13]Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Gölge M, Usanga E, Papiha SS, Cinnioğlu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill PA, Villems R: The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Am J Hum Genet 2003, 72:313-332.
• [14]Endicott P, Metspalu M, Stringer C, Macaulay V, Cooper A, Sanchez JJ: Multiplexed SNP typing of ancient DNA clarifies the origin of Andaman mtDNA haplogroups amongst South Asian tribal populations. PLoS One 2006, 1:e81.
• [15]Endicott P, Gilbert MT, Stringer C, Lalueza-Fox C, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Cooper A: The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders. Am J Hum Genet 2003, 72:178-184.
• [16]Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA: Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am J Hum Genet 2006, 78:202-221.
• [17]Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky LA, King RJ, Lin AA, Chow CE, Semino O, Battaglia V, Kutuev I, Järve M, Chaubey G, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Mehdi SQ, Sengupta S, Rogaev EI, Khusnutdinova EK, Pshenichnov A, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Jeran N, Augustin DH, Baldovic M, Herrera RJ, Thangaraj K, Singh V, Singh L, Majumder P, et al.: Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a. Eur J Hum Genet 2010, 18:479-484.
• [18]Majumder PP: The human genetic history of South Asia. Curr Biol 2010, 20:R184-R187.
• [19]Basu A, Mukherjee N, Roy S, Sengupta S, Banerjee S, Chakraborty M, Dey B, Roy M, Roy B, Bhattacharyya NP, Roychoudhury S, Majumder PP: Ethnic India: a genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure. Genome Res 2003, 13:2277-2290.
• [20]Chakrabarti CS, Roy M, Sengupta NK, Lalthantluanga R, Majumder PP: Genetic relationships among some tribal groups inhabiting the north-eastern, eastern and sub-Himalayan regions of India. Ann Hum Genet 2002, 66:361-368.
• [21]Mukherjee N, Nebel A, Oppenheim A, Majumder PP: High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India. J Genet 2001, 80:125-135.
• [22]Roychoudhury S, Roy S, Basu A, Banerjee R, Vishwanathan H, Usha Rani MV, Sil SK, Mitra M, Majumder PP: Genomic structures and population histories of linguistically distinct tribal groups of India. Hum Genet 2001, 109:339-350.
• [23]Sharma G, Tamang R, Chaudhary R, Singh VK, Shah AM, Anugula S, Rani DS, Reddy AG, Eaaswarkhanth M, Chaubey G, Singh L, Thangaraj K: Genetic affinities of the central Indian tribal populations. PLoS One 2012, 7:e32546.
• [24]Shah AM, Tamang R, Moorjani P, Rani DS, Govindaraj P, Kulkarni G, Bhattacharya T, Mustak MS, Bhaskar LV, Reddy AG, Gadhvi D, Gai PB, Chaubey G, Patterson N, Reich D, Tyler-Smith C, Singh L, Thangaraj K: Indian Siddis: African descendants with Indian admixture. Am J Hum Genet 2011, 89:154-161.
• [25]Thangaraj K, Naidu BP, Crivellaro F, Tamang R, Upadhyay S, Sharma VK, Reddy AG, Walimbe SR, Chaubey G, Kivisild T, Singh L: The influence of natural barriers in shaping the genetic structure of Maharashtra populations. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15283.
• [26]Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Vanniarajan A, Thanseem I, Reddy AG, Singh L: In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 2006, 7:151. BioMed Central Full Text
• [27]Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Choi Y, Magi R, Romero IG, Soares P, van Oven M, Behar DM, Rootsi S, Hudjashov G, Mallick CB, Karmin M, Nelis M, Parik J, Reddy AG, Metspalu E, van Driem G, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Thangaraj K, Singh L, Remm M, Richards MB, Lahr MM, Kayser M, Villems R, Kivisild T: Population genetic structure in Indian Austroasiatic speakers: the role of landscape barriers and sex-specific admixture. Mol Biol Evol 2011, 28:1013-1024.
• [28]Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, Singh NB, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ: The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow. Am J Hum Genet 2007, 80:884-894.
• [29]Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, Rootsi S, Chaubey G, Kutuev I, Yudkovsky G, Khusnutdinova EK, Balanovsky O, Semino O, Pereira L, Comas D, Gurwitz D, Bonne-Tamir B, Parfitt T, Hammer MF, Skorecki K, Villems R: The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Nature 2010, 466:238-242.
• [30]Reich D, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Price AL, Singh L: Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature 2009, 461:489-494.
• [31]Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R: Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genet 2004, 5:26.
• [32]Metspalu M, Romero IG, Yunusbayev B, Chaubey G, Mallick CB, Hudjashov G, Nelis M, Magi R, Metspalu E, Remm M, Pitchappan R, Singh L, Thangaraj K, Villems R, Kivisild T: Shared and unique components of human population structure and genome-wide signals of positive selection in South Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2011, 89:731-744.
• [33]Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, Reddy AG, Singh L: Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. BMC Genet 2006, 7:42.
• [34]Bamshad M, Kivisild T, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Ricker CE, Rao BB, Naidu JM, Prasad BV, Reddy PG, Rasanayagam A, Papiha SS, Villems R, Redd AJ, Hammer MF, Nguyen SV, Carroll ML, Batzer MA, Jorde LB: Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations. Genome Res 2001, 11:994-1004.
• [35]Thangaraj K, Singh L, Reddy AG, Rao VR, Sehgal SC, Underhill PA, Pierson M, Frame IG, Hagelberg E: Genetic affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a vanishing human population. Curr Biol 2003, 13:86-93.
• [36]Barik SS, Sahani R, Prasad BV, Endicott P, Metspalu M, Sarkar BN, Bhattacharya S, Annapoorna PC, Sreenath J, Sun D, Sanchez JJ, Ho SY, Chandrasekar A, Rao VR: Detailed mtDNA genotypes permit a reassessment of the settlement and population structure of the Andaman Islands. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008, 136:19-27.
• [37]Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP: Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic. J Genet Genomics 2011, 38:117-122.
• [38]Rao RP, Yadav N, Vahia MN, Joglekar H, Adhikari R, Mahadevan I: Entropic evidence for linguistic structure in the Indus script. Science 2009, 324:1165.
• [39]Chaubey G: The demographic history of India: a perspective based on genetic evidence. University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre; 2010:45-49. [PhD thesis]
• [40]Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, Jin L, Su B, Pitchappan R, Shanmugalakshmi S, Balakrishnan K, Read M, Pearson NM, Zerjal T, Webster MT, Zholoshvili I, Jamarjashvili E, Gambarov S, Nikbin B, Dostiev A, Aknazarov O, Zalloua P, Tsoy I, Kitaev M, Mirrakhimov M, Chariev A, Bodmer WF: The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:10244-10249.
• [41]Quintana-Murci L, Krausz C, Zerjal T, Sayar SH, Hammer MF, Mehdi SQ, Ayub Q, Qamar R, Mohyuddin A, Radhakrishna U, Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C, McElreavey K: Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in southwestern Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 68:537-542.
• [42]Cordaux R, Deepa E, Vishwanathan H, Stoneking M: Genetic evidence for the demic diffusion of agriculture to India. Science 2004, 304:1125.
• [43]Cordaux R, Aunger R, Bentley G, Nasidze I, Sirajuddin SM, Stoneking M: Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages. Curr Biol 2004, 14:231-235.
• [44]Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, Trivedi R, Endicott P, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kashyap VK: A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:843-848.
• [45]Bamshad MJ, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Jorde LB, Rao BB, Naidu JM, Prasad BV, Rasanayagam A, Hammer MF: Female gene flow stratifies Hindu castes. Nature 1998, 395:651-652.
• [46]Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, Rengo C, Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Coppa A, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Tyler-Smith C, Qasim Mehdi S, Torroni A, McElreavey K: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:827-845.
• [47]Sharma S, Saha A, Rai E, Bhat A, Bamezai R: Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal founder and subsequent maternal gene flow in Indian population groups. J Hum Genet 2005, 50:497-506.
• [48]Zerjal T, Pandya A, Thangaraj K, Ling EY, Kearley J, Bertoneri S, Paracchini S, Singh L, Tyler-Smith C: Y-chromosomal insights into the genetic impact of the caste system in India. Hum Genet 2007, 121:137-144.
• [49]Ayub Q, Tyler-Smith C: Genetic variation in South Asia: assessing the influences of geography, language and ethnicity for understanding history and disease risk. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 2009, 8:395-404.
• [50]Chakravarti A: Human genetics: tracing India’s invisible threads. Nature 2009, 461:487-488.
• [51]Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Villems R: Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India. Bioessays 2007, 29:91-100.
• [52]Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Karmin M, Thangaraj K, Rootsi S, Parik J, Solnik A, Selvi-Rani D, Singh V, Reddy A, Metspalu E, Singh L, Kivisild T, Villems R: Language shift by indigenous population: a model genetic study in South Asia. Int J Hum Genet 2008, 8:41-50.
• [53]Kivisild T, Bamshad MJ, Kaldma K, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Laos S, Parik J, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Mir MR, Ferak V, Villems R: Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages. Curr Biol 1999, 9:1331-1334.
• [54]Chaubey G, Karmin M, Metspalu E, Metspalu M, Selvi-Rani D, Singh VK, Parik J, Solnik A, Naidu BP, Kumar A, Adarsh N, Mallick CB, Trivedi B, Prakash S, Reddy R, Shukla P, Bhagat S, Verma S, Vasnik S, Khan I, Barwa A, Sahoo D, Sharma A, Rashid M, Chandra V, Reddy AG, Torroni A, Foley RA, Thangaraj K, Singh L, Kivisild T, et al.: Phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroup R7 in the Indian peninsula. BMC Evol Biol 2008, 8:227. BioMed Central Full Text
• [55]Thangaraj K, Ramana GV, Singh L: Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Indian populations. Electrophoresis 1999, 20:1743-1747.
• [56]Gauniyal M, Chahal SM, Kshatriya GK: Genetic affinities of the Siddis of South India: an emigrant population of East Africa. Hum Biol 2008, 80:251-270.
• [57]Gauniyal M, Aggarwal A, Kshatriya GK: Genomic structure of the immigrant Siddis of East Africa to southern India: a study of 20 autosomal DNA markers. Biochem Genet 2011, 49:427-442.
• [58]Ramana GV, Su B, Jin L, Singh L, Wang N, Underhill P, Chakraborty R: Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Eur J Hum Genet 2001, 9:695-700.
• [59]Schimmel A: Islam in India and Pakistan. Leiden: Brill; 1982.
• [60]Robb P: A History of India. Houndmills: Palgrave; 2002.
• [61]Eaaswarkhanth M, Dubey B, Meganathan PR, Ravesh Z, Khan FA, Singh L, Thangaraj K, Haque I: Diverse genetic origin of Indian Muslims: evidence from autosomal STR loci. J Hum Genet 2009, 54:340-348.
• [62]Eaaswarkhanth M, Haque I, Ravesh Z, Romero IG, Meganathan PR, Dubey B, Khan FA, Chaubey G, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C, Singh L, Thangaraj K: Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2010, 18:354-363.
• [63]Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, Ehret C, Ranciaro A, Froment A, Hirbo JB, Awomoyi AA, Bodo JM, Doumbo O, Ibrahim M, Juma AT, Kotze MJ, Lema G, Moore JH, Mortensen H, Nyambo TB, Omar SA, Powell K, Pretorius GS, Smith MW, Thera MA, Wambebe C, Weber JL, Williams SM: The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science 2009, 324:1035-1044.
• [64]Veltman CJ: Language Shift in the United States. Berlin: Mouton; 1983.
• [65]Clyne M, Kipp S: Language maintenance and language shift: community languages in Australia, 1996. People Place 1997, 5:19-27.
• [66]Thangaraj K, Nandan A, Sharma V, Sharma VK, Eaaswarkhanth M, Patra PK, Singh S, Rekha S, Dua M, Verma N, Reddy AG, Singh L: Deep rooting in-situ expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup R8 in South Asia. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6545.
• [67]Diffloth G: Fourth International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics; 2009 October 29–30. In More on Dvaravati Old Mon. Salaya: Mahidol University; 2009.
• [68]Fuller D: The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. In Non-human genetics, agricultural origins and historical linguistics in South Asia. Edited by Petraglia MD, Allchin B. Springer; 2007:393-443. Vert Paleobiol Paleoanthropol Part III.
• [69]van Driem G: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook of the greater Himalayan region containing an introduction to the symbiotic theory of language. Leiden: Brill; 2001.
• [70]Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy AN, Meka A, Reddy AG, Thangaraj K, Singh L: Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2007, 2:e1141.
• [71]Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM: Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations. BMC Evol Biol 2007, 7:47. BioMed Central Full Text
• [72]Higham CJ: Languages and Farming Dispersals: Austroasiatic Languages and Rice Cultivation. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; 2003.
• [73]Salem AH, Badr FM, Gaballah MF, Paabo S: The genetics of traditional living: Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial lineages in the Sinai Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet 1996, 59:741-743.
• [74]Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL: Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet 1998, 20:278-280.
• [75]Oota H, Kitano T, Jin F, Yuasa I, Wang L, Ueda S, Saitou N, Stoneking M: Extreme mtDNA homogeneity in continental Asian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002, 118:146-153.
• [76]Kumar V, Langstieh BT, Madhavi KV, Naidu VM, Singh HP, Biswas S, Thangaraj K, Singh L, Reddy BM: Global patterns in human mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation caused by spatial instability of the local cultural processes. PLoS Genet 2006, 2:e53.
• [77]Nalini A, Yamini BK, Gayatri N, Thennarasu K, Gope R: Familial Madras motor neuron disease (FMMND): study of 15 families from southern India. J Neurol Sci 2006, 250:140-146.
• [78]Nalini A, Thennarasu K, Yamini BK, Shivashankar D, Krishna N: Madras motor neuron disease (MMND): clinical description and survival pattern of 116 patients from Southern India seen over 36 years (1971–2007). J Neurol Sci 2008, 269:65-73.
• [79]Agarwal SS, Phadke SR, Phadke RV, Das SK, Singh GK, Sharma JP, Teotia SP, Saxena BN: Handigodu disease: a radiological study. A new variety of spondyloepi(meta)physeal dysplasia of the autosomal dominant type. Skeletal Radiol 1994, 23:611-619.
• [80]Badadani M, Shetty KT, Babu SV, Agarwal SS: Metabolic status of magnesium and ceruloplasmin in Handigodu Joint Disease: a variety of spondylo epi (meta) physeal dysplasia. Clin Chim Acta 2008, 395:170-171.
• [81]Rao PR, Gopalam KB: High incidence of the silent allele at cholinesterase locus I in Vysyas of Andhra Pradesh (S. India). Hum Genet 1979, 52:139-141.
• [82]Pandit JJ, Gopa S, Arora J: A hypothesis to explain the high prevalence of pseudo-cholinesterase deficiency in specific population groups. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011, 28:550-552.
• [83]Dhandapany PS, Sadayappan S, Xue Y, Powell GT, Rani DS, Nallari P, Rai TS, Khullar M, Soares P, Bahl A, Tharkan JM, Vaideeswar P, Rathinavel A, Narasimhan C, Ayapati DR, Ayub Q, Mehdi SQ, Oppenheimer S, Richards MB, Price AL, Patterson N, Reich D, Singh L, Tyler-Smith C, Thangaraj K: A common MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein C) variant associated with cardiomyopathies in South Asia. Nat Genet 2009, 41:187-191.
• [84]Winkler CA, Nelson GW, Smith MW: Admixture mapping comes of age. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2010, 11:65-89.
• [85]Narang A, Jha P, Rawat V, Mukhopadhyay A, Dash D, Basu A, Mukerji M: Recent admixture in an Indian population of African ancestry. Am J Hum Genet 2011, 89:111-120.
• [86]Adeyemo A, Gerry N, Chen G, Herbert A, Doumatey A, Huang H, Zhou J, Lashley K, Chen Y, Christman M, Rotimi C: A genome-wide association study of hypertension and blood pressure in African Americans. PLoS Genet 2009, 5:e1000564.
• [87]Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L: Is the amelogenin gene reliable for gender identification in forensic casework and prenatal diagnosis? Int J Legal Med 2002, 116:121-123.