Developmental and light-entrained expression of melatonin and its relationship to the circadian clock in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis

EvoDevo

Mark Q Martindale³  Antonio Carlos Marques¹  José Cipolla-Neto⁵  Solange Castro Afeche⁴  Yale Passamaneck²  Adam M Reitzel⁶  Rafael Peres⁵ 

[1] Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo. Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, km. 131,5 - Praia do Cabelo Gordo, São Sebastião SP, 11600-000, CEP, Brazil;Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, 96813 Honolulu, HI, USA;Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, 32080 St. Augustine, FL, USA;Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil;Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo SP, 05503-900, Brazil;Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223-0001 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

关键词: Melatonin;    In situ hybridization;    Embryogenesis;    Circadian clock;   

Others  :  1093501
DOI  :  10.1186/2041-9139-5-26

 received in 2014-03-04, accepted in 2014-07-15,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The primary hormone of the vertebrate pineal gland, melatonin, has been identified broadly throughout the eukaryotes. While the role for melatonin in cyclic behavior via interactions with the circadian clock has only been reported in vertebrates, comparative research has shown that the transcription-translation loops of the animal circadian clock likely date to the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor, leaving open significant questions about the evolutionary origin of melatonin signaling in circadian behavior by interacting with the molecular clock.

Results

Expression of melatonin in adult anemones showed peak expression at the end of light period (zeitgeber time (ZT) = 12) when cultured under diel conditions, coinciding with expression of genes and enzyme activity for members of the melatonin synthesis pathway (tryptophan hydroxylase and hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase), which also showed rhythmic expression. During embryogenesis and juvenile stages, melatonin showed cyclic oscillations in concentration, peaking in midday. Spatial (in situ hybridization) and quantitative (real-time PCR) transcription of clock genes during development of N. vectensis showed these ‘clock’ genes are expressed early in the development, prior to rhythmic oscillations, suggesting functions independent of a function in the circadian clock. Finally, time-course studies revealed that animals transferred from diel conditions to constant darkness lose circadian expression for most of the clock genes within 4 days, which can be reset by melatonin supplementation.

Conclusions

Our results support an ancient role for melatonin in the circadian behavior of animals by showing cyclic expression of this hormone under diel conditions, light-dependent oscillations in genes in the melatonin synthesis pathway, and the function of melatonin in initiating expression of circadian clock genes in the cnidarian N. vectensis. The differences in expression melatonin and the circadian clock gene network in the adult stage when compared with developmental stages of N. vectensis suggests new research directions to characterize stage-specific mechanisms of circadian clock function in animals.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Peres et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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