Plasma n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and inflammatory markers in Chinese vegetarians

Lipids in Health and Disease

Duo Li¹  Qinxin Hu²  Xiaoqiong Zhou²  Qiang Wang²  Tianxing Shou¹  Xiumei Weng²  Tao Huang³  Xiaomei Yu² 

[1] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310059, China;Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Linyin Road, Hangzhou 310030, China;Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA

关键词: Inflammatory factor;    Omnivores;    Vegetarians;    Polyunsaturated fatty acid;   

Others  :  1152045
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-511X-13-151

 received in 2014-03-28, accepted in 2014-09-14,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake favorably affects chronic inflammatory-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship between the PUFA and inflammatory factors in the healthy vegetarians were not clear. We aimed to investigate the plasma fatty acids status, and its association with plasma inflammatory factors in Chinese vegetarians and omnivores.

Methods

A total of 89 male vegetarians and 106 male omnivores were participated the study. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA, and as standard methods fatty acids were extracted and determined by chromatography.

Results

Compared with omnivores, vegetarians have significant higher interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3, and 18:3n-3; while they have significant lower leukotriene B4 (LTB4), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and n-3 PUFA. In vegetarians, plasma 20:4n-6 was significant positively related to TNF-α. LTB4 was significantly positively related to plasma 22:6n-3, and negatively associated with n-6 PUFA.

Conclusion

Vegetarians have higher plasma n-6 PUFA and IL-6, but lower LTB4, n-3 PUFA, 22:6n-3, COX2 and PGE2 levels. It would seem appropriate for vegetarians to increase their dietary n-3 PUFA, while reduce dietary n-6 PUFA and thus reduce the risk of chronic inflammatory-related diseases.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Yu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Messina VK, Burke KI: Position of the American dietetic association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1997, 97:1317-1321.
• [2]Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D: Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab 2012, 60:233-240.
• [3]Li D: Chemistry behind vegetarianism. J Agric Food Chem 2011, 59:777-784.
• [4]Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM: Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:640S-646S.
• [5]Janelle KC, Barr SI: Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc 1995, 95:180-186. 189, quiz 187–188
• [6]Huang T, Yu X, Shou T, Wahlqvist ML, Li D: Associations of plasma phospholipid fatty acids with plasma homocysteine in Chinese vegetarians. Br J Nutr 2013, 109:1688-1694.
• [7]Lee HY, Woo J, Chen ZY, Leung SF, Peng XH: Serum fatty acid, lipid profile and dietary intake of Hong Kong Chinese omnivores and vegetarians. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54:768-773.
• [8]Calder PC: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:1505s-1519s.
• [9]James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:343s-348s.
• [10]Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meer JW, Cannon JG, Rogers TS, Klempner MS, Weber PC, Schaefer EJ, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA: The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:265-271.
• [11]Almario RU, Vonghavaravat V, Wong R, Kasim-Karakas SE: Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:72-79.
• [12]Li D, Sinclair A, Wilson A, Nakkote S, Kelly F, Abedin L, Mann N, Turner A: Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:872-882.
• [13]Simopoulos AP: Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:560S-569S.
• [14]Kornsteiner M, Singer I, Elmadfa I: Very low n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in Austrian vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2008, 52:37-47.
• [15]Sanders TA: DHA status of vegetarians. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81:137-141.
• [16]Fokkema MR, Brouwer DA, Hasperhoven MB, Hettema Y, Bemelmans WJ, Muskiet FA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid status of Dutch vegans and omnivores. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000, 63:279-285.
• [17]Rosell MS, Lloyd-Wright Z, Appleby PN, Sanders TA, Allen NE, Key TJ: Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:327-334.
• [18]Li D, Ball M, Bartlett M, Sinclair A: Lipoprotein(a), essential fatty acid status and lipoprotein lipids in female Australian vegetarians. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999, 97:175-181.
• [19]Sanders TA, Ellis FR, Dickerson JW: Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31:805-813.
• [20]Huang T, Sinclair AJ, Shen LR, Yang B, Li D: Comparative effects of tuna oil and salmon oil on liver lipid metabolism and fatty acid concentrations in rats. J Food Lipids 2009, 16:436-451.
• [21]Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM: C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001, 286:327-334.
• [22]Danesh J, Kaptoge S, Mann AG, Sarwar N, Wood A, Angleman SB, Wensley F, Higgins JP, Lennon L, Eiriksdottir G, Rumley A, Whincup PH, Lowe GD, Gudnason V: Long-term interleukin-6 levels and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease: two new prospective studies and a systematic review. PLoS Med 2008, 5:e78.
• [23]Tilg H, Trehu E, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA, Mier JW: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55. Blood 1994, 83:113-118.
• [24]Aderka D: The potential biological and clinical significance of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1996, 7:231-240.
• [25]Dias VC, Wallace JL, Parsons HG: Modulation of cellular phospholipid fatty acids and leukotriene B4 synthesis in the human intestinal cell (CaCo-2). Gut 1992, 33:622-627.
• [26]Bagga D, Wang L, Farias-Eisner R, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST: Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:1751-1756.
• [27]Itariu BK, Zeyda M, Hochbrugger EE, Neuhofer A, Prager G, Schindler K, Bohdjalian A, Mascher D, Vangala S, Schranz M, Krebs M, Bischof MG, Stulnig TM: Long-chain n-3 PUFAs reduce adipose tissue and systemic inflammation in severely obese nondiabetic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 96:1137-1149.
• [28]Calder PC: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: New twists in an old tale. Biochimie 2009, 91:791-795.
• [29]Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Willett WC, Rimm EB: Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation 2003, 108:155-160.
• [30]Pietilainen KH, Rog T, Seppanen-Laakso T, Virtue S, Gopalacharyulu P, Tang J, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Maciejewski A, Naukkarinen J, Ruskeepaa AL, Niemelä PS, Yetukuri L, Tan CY, Velagapudi V, Castillo S, Nygren H, Hyötyläinen T, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H, Vattulainen I, Vidal-Puig A, Orešič M: Association of lipidome remodeling in the adipocyte membrane with acquired obesity in humans. PLoS Biol 2011, 9:e1000623.
• [31]He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Jenny NS, Mayer-Davis E, Jiang R, Steffen L, Siscovick D, Tsai M, Herrington D: Associations of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish with biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]). Am J Cardiol 2009, 103:1238-1243.
• [32]Yang Y, Lu N, Chen D, Meng L, Zheng Y, Hui R: Effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on plasma soluble adhesion molecules: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 95:972-980.
• [33]Berger MM, Delodder F, Liaudet L, Tozzi P, Schlaepfer J, Chiolero RL, Tappy L: Three short perioperative infusions of n-3 PUFAs reduce systemic inflammation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013, 97:246-254.
• [34]Blok WL, Katan MB, van der Meer JW: Modulation of inflammation and cytokine production by dietary (n-3) fatty acids. J Nutr 1996, 126:1515-1533.
• [35]Leaf A, Weber PC: Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:549-557.
• [36]De Caterina R, Zampolli A: n-3 fatty acids: antiatherosclerotic effects. Lipids 2001, 36(Suppl):S69-78.
• [37]Cho HP, Nakamura MT, Clarke SD: Cloning, expression, and nutritional regulation of the mammalian Delta-6 desaturase. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:471-477.
• [38]Zeyda M, Stulnig TM: Lipid Rafts & Co.: an integrated model of membrane organization in T cell activation. Progr Lipid Res 2006, 45:187-202.
• [39]Graber R, Sumida C, Nunez EA: Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1994, 9:91-116.