Anti-mosquito plants as an alternative or incremental method for malaria vector control among rural communities of Bagamoyo District, Tanzania

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Edmund Kayombo¹  Stephen Magesa²  Prince PP Mutalemwa³  William NW Kisinza³  Ahmed Hassanali⁴  Ester Innocent¹ 

[1] Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;RTI International, Malaria Initiative, P.O. Box 1181–000621, Nairobi, Kenya;National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania;Department of Chemistry, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844–00100, Nairobi, Kenya

关键词: Annona species;    Azadirachta indica;    Medicinal plants;    Ethno-knowledge;    Vector control;    Mosquitoes;   

Others  :  1146356
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-4269-10-56

 received in 2013-10-31, accepted in 2014-07-01,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Plants represent one of the most accessible resources available for mosquito control by communities in Tanzania. However, no documented statistics exist for their contribution in the management of mosquitoes and other insects except through verbal and some publications. This study aimed at assessing communities’ knowledge, attitudes and practices of using plants as an alternative method for mosquito control among selected communities in a malaria-prone area in Tanzania.

Methods

Questionnaires were administered to 202 respondents from four villages of Bagamoyo District, Pwani Region, in Tanzania followed by participatory rural appraisal with village health workers. Secondary data collection for plants mentioned by the communities was undertaken using different search engines such as googlescholar, PubMED and NAPRALERT.

Results

Results showed about 40.3% of respondents used plants to manage insects, including mosquitoes. A broad profile of plants are used, including “mwarobaini” (Azadirachta indica) (22.5%), “mtopetope” (Annona spp) (20.8%), “mchungwa/mlimau” (Citrus spp) (8.3%), “mvumbashi/uvumbati” (Ocimum spp) (7.4%), “mkorosho” (Anacadium occidentale) (7.1%), “mwembe” (5.4%) (Mangifera indica), “mpera” (4.1%) (Psidium spp) and “maganda ya nazi” (4.1%) (Cocos nucifera). Majority of respondents collected these plants from the wild (54.2%), farms (28.9%) and/or home gardens (6%). The roles played by these plants in fighting mosquitoes is reflected by the majority that deploy them with or without bed-nets (p > 0.55) or insecticidal sprays (p >0.22). Most respondents were aware that mosquitoes transmit malaria (90.6%) while few respondents associated elephantiasis/hydrocele (46.5%) and yellow fever (24.3%) with mosquitoes. Most of the ethnobotanical uses mentioned by the communities were consistent with scientific information gathered from the literature, except for Psidium guajava, which is reported for the first time in insect control.

Conclusion

This survey has indicated some knowledge gap among community members in managing mosquito vectors using plant. The communities need a basic health education and sensitization for effective exploitation of this valuable tool for reducing mosquitoes and associated disease burdens. On the other hand, the government of Tanzania should strengthen advocacy of botanical pesticides development, registration and regulation for public health benefits because they are source of pest control tools people rely on them.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Innocent et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]WHO: Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
• [2]Ministry of Health: Health Sector Strategic Plan III (2009–2015); Partnerships for Delivering MDGs. Tanzania: Ministry of Health; 2009.
• [3]Premji Z, Ndayanga P, Shiff C, Minjas J, Lubega P, MacLeod J: Community based studies on childhood mortality in a malaria holoendemic area on the Tanzanian coast. Acta Trop 1997, 63:101-109.
• [4]Davis JR, Hall T, Chee EM, Majala A, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ: Comparison of sampling anopheline mosquitoes by light-trap and human-bait collections indoors at Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1995, 9:249-255.
• [5]Kawada H, Emmanuel A, Temu J, Minjas N, Matsumoto O, Iwasaki T, Takagi M: Field evaluation of spatial repellency of metofluthrin impregnated plastic strips against anopheles gambiae complex in Bagamoyo, coastal Tanzania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2008, 24:404-409.
• [6]Shiff CJ, Minjas JN, Hall T, Hunt RH, Lyimo S, Davis R: Malaria infection potential of anopheline mosquitoes sampled by light trapping indoors in coastal Tanzania villages. Med Vet Entomol 1995, 9:256-262.
• [7]Temu EA, Minjas JN, Coetzee M, Hunt RH, Shift CJ: The role of four anopheline species (Diptera: Culicidae) in malaria transmission in coastal Tanzania. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:152-158.
• [8]Mihale MJ, Dang AL, Selemani HO, Mugisha-Kamatanesi M, Kidukuli AW, Ogendo O: Use of indigenous knowledge in the management of field and storage pests around Lake Victoria basin in Tanzania. Afr J Environ SciTech 2009, 3:251-259.
• [9]Su T, Mulla AS: Effects of neem products containing azadirachtin on blood feeding, fecundity, and survivorship of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 1999, 24:202-215.
• [10]Ndione RD, Faye O, Ndiaye M, Afoutou JM: Toxic effects of Neem products (Azadirachta indica A Juss) on Aedes aegypti Linnaeus 1763 larvae. Afr J Biotechnol 2007, 6:2846-2854.
• [11]Sharma PP, Sawant RJ: Indigenous traditional practices for eco-friendly management of the insect/pests in Maharashtra, India. Recent Res Sci Tech 2012, 4:21-24.
• [12]Daniel B, Innocent E, Mbwambo ZH, Musharraf SG: Comparison of Mosquito Larvicidal activitity of Annona squamosa leaves growing in different eco-zone in Tanzania. Int JPharma Bio Sci 2011, 2:557-565.
• [13]Magadula JJ, Innocent E, Otieno NJ: Mosquito larvicidal and cytotoxicactivity of 3 Annona species and Isolation of active principles. J Med Plant Res 2009, 3:674-680.
• [14]Ruffo CK, Chilongola SB, Mabula CK: Catalogue of Lushoto Herbarium Tanzania. National Tree Seed Program. Morogoro, Tanzania; 1996.
• [15]Gideon H, Nyinondi P, Oyema G: Checklist of Tanzania species, Version 1 . Tanzania: TanBIF COSTECH; 2012.
• [16]Adzu B, Abubakar MS, Izebe KS, Akumka DD, Gamaniel KS: Effect of Annona senegalensis rootbark extracts on Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis venom in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 96:507-513.
• [17]Das NG, Goswami D, Rabha B: Preliminary evaluation of mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extract. J Vector Borne Dis 2007, 44:147-148.
• [18]Kisanga AC: Effect of Annona Formulations on Mosquitoes and non-Target Invertebrates in the Laboratory and Semi-Field Condition. Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam; 2013. [MSc. Thesis]
• [19]Gueye S, Diop MT, SecK D, Sembene M: Biochemical fractions activity of Annona senegalensis Pers. Extract leaves to protect groundnut against the seed-beetle Caryedon serratusol. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidea, Bruchinae). Int J Plant. Animal Environ Sci 2011, 1:122-130.
• [20]De Boer H, Vongsombath C, Pålsson K, Bjork L, Jaenson TGT: Botanical repellents and pesticides traditionally used against hematophagous invertebrates in lao people’s democratic republic: a comparative study of plants used in 66 village. J Med Entomol 2010, 47:400-414.
• [21]Rotimi J, Ekperusi OA: Effectiveness of Citrus oils as cowpea seed protectant against damage by the cowpea Bruchid Collosobruchus maculatus (F) (Coleopteran: Bruchidae). Adv Applied Sci Res 2012, 3:3540-3544.
• [22]Laarif A, Zarrad K, Tayeb W, Ayed A, Souguirs S, Chaieb I: Chemical composition and Insecticidal activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) Fruits Peels against two greenhouse insects; Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae). Adv Agric Sci and Eng Res 2013, 3:825-830.
• [23]Giatropoulos A, Papachristos DP, Kimbaris A, Koliopoulos G, Polissiou MG, Emmanuel N, Michaelakis A: Evaluation of bioefficacy of three Citrus essential oils against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in correlation to their components enantiomeric distribution. Parasitol Res 2012, 111:2253-2263.
• [24]Oshaghi MA, Ghalandari R, Vatandoost H, Shayeghi M, Kamali-nejad M, Tourabi-Khaledi H, Abolhassani M, Hashemzade M: Repellent effect of extracts and essential oils of Citrus limon (Rutaceae) and Melissa officinalis (Labiatae) against main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Iranian J Public Health 2003, 32:47-52.
• [25]Kweka JE, Franklin WM, Asanterabi L, Mahande AM, Mahande MJ, Massenga CP, Temu F, Lyatuu EE, Mboya M, Temu EA: Longitudinal evaluation of Ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioural responses of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field in Tanzania. Parasite Vectors 2008, 1:42.
• [26]Asawalam EF, Emosairue SO, Hassanali A: Essential oil of Ocimum grattissimum (Labiatae) as Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) protectant. Afr J Biotechnol 2008, 7:3771-3776.
• [27]Keita SM, Vincent C, Schmit JP, Ramaswamy S, Belanger A: Effects of various essential oils on Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Stored Products Res 2000, 36:355-364.
• [28]Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M: Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010, 41:831-840.
• [29]Malebo HM, Imeda C, Kitufe NA, Katani SJ, Sunguruma R, Magogo F, Tungu PK, Nyigo VA, Wiketye V, Mwaiko GL, Ogondiek JW, Mbogo GP, Mhame PP, Matata DZ, Malima R, Magesa SM, Massaga JJ, Malecela MN, Kitua AY: Repellence effectiveness of essential oils from some Tanzanian Ocimum and Hyptis plant species against afro-tropical vectors of malaria and lymphatic filariasis. J Med Plants Res 2013, 7:653-660.
• [30]Chokechaijaroenporn O, Bunyapraphatsara N, Kongchuensin S: Mosquito repellent activities of Ocimum volatile oil. Phytomedicine 1994, 1:135-139.
• [31]Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A: Agroforestree Database:A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0. (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Anacardium_occidentale.pdf webcite): 2009
• [32]Ileke KD, Olotuah OF: Bioactivity of Anacardium occidentale (L) and Allium sativum (L) powders and Oils Extracts against Cowpea Bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]. Int J Biol 2012, 4:96-103.
• [33]Nnamani CV, Osayi EE, Atama CI, Nwachukwu C: Larvicidal effects of leaf, bark and nutshell of Anacardium occidentale on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae In Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Animal Res Int 2011, 8:1353-1358.
• [34]Promsiri S, Naksathit A, Kruatrachue M, Thavara A: Evaluations of larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and other effects on a non target fish. Ins Sci 2006, 13:179-188.
• [35]Mavundza EJ, Maharaj R, Finnie JF, Kabera G, Van Staden J: An ethnobotanical survey of mosquito repellent plants in uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2011, 137:1516-1520.
• [36]Mandal MD, Mandal S: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pacific J Trop Med 2011, 1:241-247.
• [37]Konan YL, Sylla MS, Doannio JM, Traoré S: Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. Parasite 2003, 10:181-184.
• [38]Gourevitch A: Better Living Through Chemistry; Ddt Could Save Millions of Africans From Dying of Malaria- If Only Environmentalists Would Let It. WA: Washington Monthly; 2003.
• [39]East African Community HEALTH: Malaria facts: Malaria Prevention and Control. http://www.eac.int/health/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95%3Aclassification-system&catid=15%3Adiseases&Itemid=32 webcite ” - Retrieved on 05th December, 2012
• [40]Watt MJ, Breyer-Brandwijk GM: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Edinburg and London: E and S Livingstone Ltd; 1962.
• [41]Gilbert MG: Flora of Ethiopia, Rutaceae. Sweden: University of Ethiopia and Uppsala University Press; 1989.
• [42]Hutching A, Haxtonscott A, Lewis G, Cunninghham A: Zulu Medicinal Plants, an Inventory. Scottsville, South Africa: University of Natal Press; 1996.
• [43]Bagamoyo bednet project: An Annual Report. Tanzania: USAID; 1991.
• [44]Shiff CJ, Winch P, Minjas J, Premji Z: The Implementation and Sustainability of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito net (ITN) Program for Malaria Control in Rural Africa. Lesson Learned from the Bagamoyo Bednet Project. A Summary Report. Tanzania: USAID, SARA and HHRAA; 1996.
• [45]Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV): New Malaria Clinical Trial Site Inaugurated at Bagamoyo, Tanzania. http://www.mmv.org/newsroom/news/new-malaria-clinical-trial-site-inaugurated-bagamoyo-tanzania webcite. Deposited on 10 May 2007; accessed on 09/02/2012