Facial landmark localization by curvature maps and profile analysis

Head & Face Medicine

Gholamreza Danesh¹  Tatjana Moiseenko⁵  Christian Kirschneck⁶  Kristina Schreiber¹  Burkhard Drerup⁴  Kim Wangdo³  Xiang Liu²  Carsten Lippold⁵ 

[1] Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany;MOM, MAE, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;Fac Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, SPERTLAB, Univ Tecn Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002, Lisbon, Portugal;Bundesfachschule f. Orthopaedietechnik (BUFA), Schliepstraße 6, 44135 Dortmund, Germany;Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany;Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany

关键词: Lasers/diagnostic use;    Computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging;    Reproducibility of results;    Image interpretation;    Biological;    Models;    Lasers;    Feasibility studies;    Orthodontics;   

Others  :  1135960
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-160X-10-54

 received in 2014-10-28, accepted in 2014-11-28,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Introduction

Three-dimensional landmarks of the face are important for orthodontic examination, harmony assessment and treatment planning. Currently, facial landmarks are often measured by orthodontists via direct observation and manual soft tissue image analysis. This study wants to evaluate and present an objective method for measuring selected facial landmarks based on an analysis of curvature maps and of sagittal profile obtained by a laser-scanning method.

Methods

The faces of 15 people were scanned in 3D by means of the laser scanner FastSCAN™. It allowed the recording of a curvature map of the face in under a minute, which depicted the distribution of Gaussian and mean curvatures. The median-sagittal profile line of the face was localized in this map, and a mathematical analysis comprising its first and second derivatives was performed. Anatomical landmarks were identified and facial measurements performed. To assess validity the obtained data were compared with manual measurements by orthodontists by means of Lin’s concordance correlation CCC coefficient and reliability was determined by consecutive measurements.

Results

Facial landmarks, such as the soft tissue glabella and nasal tip, could be easily and accurately identified and located. Lin’s CCC showed substantial agreement between digital and manual measurements for 4 of the 7 distances evaluated. Larger discrepancies were due to inadequate image quality and scanning errors. Reliability of consecutive measurements by the same operator was excellent.

Conclusions

In our pilot study the three-dimensional laser-scanning method FastSCAN™ allowed a reliable and accurate identification of anatomical landmarks of the face. The obtained distances between certain landmarks, such as the intercanthal distance, were largely consistent with those from manual measurements. Due to its easy and rapid implementation, the method facilitates facial analysis and could be a clinically valid alternative to manual measurements, when remaining problems in scanning accuracy can be resolved.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Lippold et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 3.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

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