Parents and friends both matter: simultaneous and interactive influences of parents and friends on European schoolchildren’s energy balance-related behaviours – the ENERGY cross-sectional study

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Johannes Brug¹  Yannis Manios²  Eva Kovacs⁶  Nataša Jan⁷  Luis Moreno³  Lea Maes⁴  Elling Bere⁵  Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij⁹  Mai JM ChinAPaw⁸  Saskia J te Velde¹ 

[1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece;GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group. E.U. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway;Department of Paediatrics, Pecs University, Pecs, Hungary;Slovenian Heart Foundation, Ljubljana, Slovenia;Department of Public and Occupational Health and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

关键词: Physical activity;    TV viewing;    Soft drink;    Rules;    Modelling;    Social norm;    Friends;    Parents;   

Others  :  1146376
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-11-82

 received in 2013-12-10, accepted in 2014-06-20,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The family, and parents in particular, are considered the most important influencers regarding children’s energy-balance related behaviours (EBRBs). When children become older and gain more behavioural autonomy regarding different behaviours, the parental influences may become less important and peer influences may gain importance. Therefore the current study aims to investigate simultaneous and interactive associations of family rules, parent and friend norms and modelling with soft drink intake, TV viewing, daily breakfast consumption and sport participation among schoolchildren across Europe.

Methods

A school-based cross-sectional survey in eight countries across Europe among 10–12 year old schoolchildren. Child questionnaires were used to assess EBRBs (soft drink intake, TV viewing, breakfast consumption, sport participation), and potential determinants of these behaviours as perceived by the child, including family rules, parental and friend norms and modelling. Linear and logistic regression analyses (n = 7811) were applied to study the association of parental (norms, modelling and rules) and friend influences (norm and modelling) with the EBRBs. In addition, potential moderating effects of parental influences on the associations of friend influences with the EBRBs were studied by including interaction terms.

Results

Children reported more unfavourable friend norms and modelling regarding soft drink intake and TV viewing, while they reported more favourable friend and parental norms and modelling for breakfast consumption and physical activity. Perceived friend and parental norms and modelling were significantly positively associated with soft drink intake, breakfast consumption, physical activity (only modelling) and TV time. Across the different behaviours, ten significant interactions between parental and friend influencing variables were found and suggested a weaker association of friend norms and modelling when rules were in place.

Conclusion

Parental and friends norm and modelling are associated with schoolchildren’s energy balance-related behaviours. Having family rules or showing favourable parental modelling and norms seems to reduce the potential unfavourable associations of friends’ norms and modelling with the EBRBs.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 te Velde et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lean M: Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. In Obesity Epidemiology. Edited by Crawford D, Jeffery R, Ball K, Brug J. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010:59-73.
• [2]Reilly JJ, Houston-Callaghan KA, Donaghey Z, Hammed S: Physical Health Consequences of Child and Adolescent Obesity. In Obesity Epidemiology. Edited by Crawford D, Jeffery RW, Ball K, Brug J. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010:27-42.
• [3]Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T: Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med 1993, 22:167-177.
• [4]Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJM: Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2008, 9:474-488.
• [5]Berge JM: A review of familial correlates of child and adolescent obesity: what has the 21st century taught us so far? Int J Adolesc Med Health 2009, 21:457-483.
• [6]Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC: Influence of parents’ physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. J Pediatr 1991, 118:215-219.
• [7]Ritchie LD, Welk G, Styne D, Gerstein DE, Crawford PB: Family environment and pediatric overweight: what is a parent to do? J Am Diet Assoc 2005, 105:S70-S79.
• [8]Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Gorely T: Family correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12:267-283.
• [9]Ventura AK, Birch LL: Does parenting affect children’s eating and weight status? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008, 5:15. BioMed Central Full Text
• [10]Te Velde SJ, van der Horst K, Oenema A, Timperio A, Crawford D, Brug J: Parental and home influences on adolescents’ TV viewing: a mediation analysis. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011, 6:e364-e372.
• [11]Wind M, De B, Te Velde SJ, Sandvik C, Due P, Klepp KI, Brug J: Correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption among 11-year-old Belgian-Flemish and Dutch schoolchildren. J Nutr Educ Behav 2006, 38:211-221.
• [12]Pearson N, Timperio A, Salmon J, Crawford D, Biddle SJ: Family influences on children’s physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009, 6:34. BioMed Central Full Text
• [13]Hennessy E, Hughes SO, Goldberg JP, Hyatt RR, Economos CD: Parent–child interactions and objectively measured child physical activity: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:71. BioMed Central Full Text
• [14]Gustafson SL, Rhodes RE: Parental correlates of physical activity in children and early adolescents. Sports Med 2006, 36:79-97.
• [15]Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Collins WA: Autonomy Development During Adolescence. In Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence. Edited by Adams GR, Berzonsky MD. Oxford, England: Blackwell; 2003:175-204.
• [16]Van Petegem S, Beyers W, Vansteenkiste M, Soenens B: On the association between adolescent autonomy and psychosocial functioning: examining decisional independence from a self-determination theory perspective. Dev Psychol 2012, 48:76-88.
• [17]Steinberg L, Silverberg SB: The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Dev 1986, 57:841-851.
• [18]Fuligni AJ, Eccles JS, Barber BL, Clements P: Early adolescent peer orientation and adjustment during high school. Dev Psychol 2001, 37:28-36.
• [19]Berndt TJ: Developmental-changes in conformity to peers and parents. Dev Psychol 1979, 15:608-616.
• [20]Bandura A: Social Foundations for Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1986.
• [21]Fitzgerald A, Fitzgerald N, Aherne C: Do peers matter? A review of peer and/or friends’ influence on physical activity among American adolescents. J Adolesc 2012, 35:941-958.
• [22]Salvy SJ, dela Haye K, Bowker JC, Hermans RCJ: Influence of peers and friends on children’s and adolescents’ eating and activity behaviors. Physiol Behav 2012, 106:369-378.
• [23]Sirard JR, Bruening M, Wall MM, Eisenberg ME, Kim SK, Neumark-Sztainer D: Physical activity and screen time in adolescents and their friends. Am J Prev Med 2013, 44:48-55.
• [24]Simpkins SD, Schaefer DR, Price CD, Vest AE: Adolescent friendships, BMI, and physical activity: untangling selection and influence through longitudinal social network analysis. J Res Adolesc 2013, 23(3):537-549.
• [25]Kirby J, Levin KA, Inchley J: Parental and peer influences on physical activity among Scottish adolescents: a longitudinal study. J Phys Act Health 2011, 8:785-793.
• [26]Wouters EJ, Larsen JK, Kremers SP, Dagnelie PC, Geenen R: Peer influence on snacking behavior in adolescence. Appetite 2010, 55:11-17.
• [27]Salvy SJ, Romero N, Paluch R, Epstein LH: Peer influence on pre-adolescent girls’ snack intake: effects of weight status. Appetite 2007, 49:177-182.
• [28]Feunekes GIJ, de Graaf C, Meyboom S, van Staveren WA: Food choice and fat intake of adolescents and adults: associations of intakes within social networks. Prev Med 1998, 27:645-656.
• [29]Cunningham SA, Vaquera E, Maturo CC, Narayan KM: Is there evidence that friends influence body weight? A systematic review of empirical research. Soc Sci Med 2012, 75:1175-1183.
• [30]Duncan SC, Duncan TE, Strycker LA: Sources and types of social support in youth physical activity. Health Psychol 2005, 24:3-10.
• [31]Salvy SJ, Elmo A, Nitecki LA, Kluczynski MA, Roemmich JN: Influence of parents and friends on children’s and adolescents’ food intake and food selection. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93:87-92.
• [32]Guidetti M, Conner M, Prestwich A, Cavazza N: The transmission of attitudes towards food: twofold specificity of similarities with parents and friends. Br J Health Psychol 2012, 17:346-361.
• [33]Pearson N, Williams L, Crawford D, Ball K: Maternal and best friends’ influences on meal-skipping behaviours. Br J Nutr 2012, 108:932-938.
• [34]Spink KS, Wilson KS, Ulvick J: Social influence and adolescent health-related physical activity in structured and unstructured settings: role of channel and type. Ann Behav Med 2012, 44:94-103.
• [35]van Stralen MM, Te Velde SJ, Singh AS, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Martens MK, van der Sluis M, Manios Y, Grammatikaki E, Chinapaw MJ, Maes L, Bere E, Jensen J, Moreno L, Jan N, Molnár D, Moore H, Brug J: EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth (ENERGY) project: design and methodology of the ENERGY cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:65. BioMed Central Full Text
• [36]Brug J, Te Velde SJ, Chinapaw MJ, Bere E, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Moore H, Maes L, Jensen J, Manios Y, Lien N, Klepp KI, Lobstein T, Martens M, Salmon J, Singh AS: Evidence-based development of school-based and family-involved prevention of overweight across Europe: the ENERGY-project’s design and conceptual framework. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:276. BioMed Central Full Text
• [37]Klepp KI, Perez-Rodrigo C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Due PP, Elmadfa I, Haraldsdottir J, Konig J, Sjostrom M, Thorsdottir I, Vaz de Almeida MD, Yngve A, Brug J: Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among European schoolchildren: rationale, conceptualization and design of the pro children project. Ann Nutr Metab 2005, 49:212-220.
• [38]Brug J, van Stralen MM, Te Velde SJ, Chinapaw MJ, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lien N, Bere E, Maskini V, Singh AS, Maes L, Moreno L, Jan N, Kovacs E, Lobstein T, Manios Y: Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviors among schoolchildren across Europe: the ENERGY-project. PLoS One 2012, 7:e34742.
• [39]Singh AS, Vik FN, Chinapaw MJ, Uijtdewilligen L, Verloigne M, Fernandez-Alvira JM, Stomfai S, Manios Y, Martens M, Brug J: Test-retest reliability and construct validity of the ENERGY-child questionnaire on energy balance-related behaviours and their potential determinants: the ENERGY-project. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011, 8:136. BioMed Central Full Text
• [40]Van Lippevelde W, te Velde SJ, Verloigne M, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Manios Y, Bere E, Jan N, Fernandez-Alvira JM, Chinapaw MJ, Bringolf-Isler B, Kovacs E, Brug J, Maes L: Test-retest reliability and construct validity of the ENERGY-parent questionnaire on parenting practices, energy balance-related behaviours and their potential behavioural determinants: the ENERGY-project. BMC Res Notes 2012, 5:434. BioMed Central Full Text
• [41]Philippaerts RM, Matton L, Wijndaele K, Balduck AL, Deb I, Lefevre J: Validity of a physical activity computer questionnaire in 12- to 18-year-old boys and girls. Int J Sports Med 2006, 27:131-136.
• [42]Van Lippevelde W, te Velde SJ, Verloigne M, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Manios Y, Bere E, Jan N, Fernandez-Alvira JM, Chinapaw MJ, Bringolf-Isler B, Kovacs E, Brug J, Maes L: Associations between home- and family-related factors and fruit juice and soft drink intake among 10- to 12-year old children. The ENERGY project. Appetite 2013, 61:59-65.
• [43]Timperio AF, van Stralen MM, Brug J, Bere E, Chinapaw MJ, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Jan N, Maes L, Manios Y, Moreno LA, Salmon J, Te Velde SJ, ENERGY consortium: Direct and indirect associations between the family physical activity environment and sports participation among 10–12 year-old European children: testing the EnRG framework in the ENERGY project. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013, 10:15. BioMed Central Full Text
• [44]Ferreira I, van der Horst K, Wendel-Vos W, Kremers S, van Lenthe FJ, Brug J: Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth - a review and update. Obes Rev 2007, 8:129-154.
• [45]Salmon J, Timperio A: Prevalence, trends and environmental influences on child and youth physical activity. Med Sport Sci 2007, 50:183-199.
• [46]Jago R, Page AS, Cooper AR: Friends and physical activity during the transition from primary to secondary school. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012, 44:111-117.
• [47]Edwardson CL, Gorely T: Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc 2010, 11:522-535.
• [48]Uijtdewilligen L, Nauta J, Singh AS, Van Mechelen W, Twisk JW, van der Horst K, Chinapaw MJ: Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people: a review and quality synthesis of prospective studies. Br J Sports Med 2011, 45:896-905.
• [49]Viner RM, Ozer EM, Denny S, Marmot M, Resnick M, Fatusi A, Currie C: Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet 2012, 379:1641-1652.
• [50]Ajzen I: The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991, 50:179-211.
• [51]Bronfenbrenner U: Ecological Models of Human Development. Oxford: Elsevier; 1994.
• [52]Stokols D: Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot 1996, 10:282-298.
• [53]Cook WL: Interpersonal influence in family systems: a social relations model analysis. Child Dev 2001, 72:1179-1197.
• [54]de la Haye K, Robins G, Mohr P, Wilson C: Obesity-related behaviors in adolescent friendship networks. Social Networks 2010, 32:161-167.
• [55]Brug J: The European charter for counteracting obesity: a late but important step towards action. Observations on the WHO-Europe ministerial conference, Istanbul, November 15–17, 2006. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007, 4:11. BioMed Central Full Text