Flammer syndrome

EPMA Journal

Ke Yao⁴  Natalia Kurysheva^1,10  Teruyo Kida²  Herbert A Reitsamer⁶  Carl Erb^1,11  Olga Golubnitschaja⁵  Augusto Gallino^1,12  Michael Scott Kook⁷  Dong Myung Kim⁸  Carlo Enrico Traverso³  Robert Ritch⁹  Katarzyna Konieczka¹ 

[1] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan;Clinica Oculistica, Di.N.O.G.M.I., University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China;Department of Radiology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany;Department of Ophthalmology, SALK/Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan, Seoul 680-749, Korea;Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea;Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA;Department of Diagnostic and Glaucoma, University of Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, 105077 Moscow, Russian Federation;Eye Clinic Wittenbergplatz, 10789 Berlin, Germany;Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland

关键词: Predictive preventive personalized medicine;    Retinal vein occlusion;    Optic disc hemorrhages;    Tinnitus;    Normal tension glaucoma;    Systemic hypotension;    Cold extremities;    Vasospasm;    Primary vascular dysregulation;    Flammer syndrome;   

Others  :  1136557
DOI  :  10.1186/1878-5085-5-11

 received in 2014-05-24, accepted in 2014-06-23,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

The new term Flammer syndrome describes a phenotype characterized by the presence of primary vascular dysregulation together with a cluster of symptoms and signs that may occur in healthy people as well as people with disease. Typically, the blood vessels of the subjects with Flammer syndrome react differently to a number of stimuli, such as cold and physical or emotional stress. Nearly all organs, particularly the eye, can be involved. Although the syndrome has some advantages, such as protection against the development of atherosclerosis, Flammer syndrome also contributes to certain diseases, such as normal tension glaucoma. The syndrome occurs more often in women than in men, in slender people than in obese subjects, in people with indoor rather than outdoor jobs, and in academics than in blue collar workers. Affected subjects tend to have cold extremities, low blood pressure, prolonged sleep onset time, shifted circadian rhythm, reduced feeling of thirst, altered drug sensitivity, and increased general sensitivity, including pain sensitivity. The plasma level of endothelin-1 is slightly increased, and the gene expression in lymphocytes is changed. In the eye, the retinal vessels are stiffer and their spatial variability larger; the autoregulation of ocular blood flow is decreased. Glaucoma patients with Flammer syndrome have an increased frequency of the following: optic disc hemorrhages, activated retinal astrocytes, elevated retinal venous pressure, optic nerve compartmentalization, fluctuating diffuse visual field defects, and elevated oxidative stress. Further research should lead to a more concise definition, a precise diagnosis, and tools for recognizing people at risk. This may ultimately lead to more efficient and more personalized treatment.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Konieczka et al.; licensee Springer.

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