Effect of Echium oil compared with marine oils on lipid profile and inhibition of hepatic steatosis in LDLr knockout mice

Lipids in Health and Disease

Inar Alves de Castro²  Marcelo Macedo Rogero¹  Karina da Rocha Mariano²  Patrícia Borges Botelho² 

[1] Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;LADAF. NAPAN. Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo B14 - 05508-900, Brazil

关键词: Steatosis;    Omega 3;    Stearidonic;    Echium;    Inflammation;    Atherosclerosis;   

Others  :  1160038
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-511X-12-38

 received in 2012-12-20, accepted in 2013-03-01,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

In an effort to identify new alternatives for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) supplementation, the effect of three sources of omega 3 fatty acids (algae, fish and Echium oils) on lipid profile and inflammation biomarkers was evaluated in LDL receptor knockout mice.

Methods

The animals received a high fat diet and were supplemented by gavage with an emulsion containing water (CON), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 42.89%) from algae oil (ALG), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 19.97%) plus DHA (11.51%) from fish oil (FIS), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 26.75%) plus stearidonic acid (SDA, 11.13%) from Echium oil (ECH) for 4 weeks.

Results

Animals supplemented with Echium oil presented lower cholesterol total and triacylglycerol concentrations than control group (CON) and lower VLDL than all of the other groups, constituting the best lipoprotein profile observed in our study. Moreover, the Echium oil attenuated the hepatic steatosis caused by the high fat diet. However, in contrast to the marine oils, Echium oil did not affect the levels of transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism, such as Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α (PPAR α) and Liver X Receptor α (LXR α), suggesting that it exerts its beneficial effects by a mechanism other than those observed to EPA and DHA. Echium oil also reduced N-6/N-3 FA ratio in hepatic tissue, which can have been responsible for the attenuation of steatosis hepatic observed in ECH group. None of the supplemented oils reduced the inflammation biomarkers.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that Echium oil represents an alternative as natural ingredient to be applied in functional foods to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Botelho et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR: Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93:950-62.
• [2]Shapiro H, Tehilla M, Attal-Singer J, Bruck R, Luzzatti R, Singer P: The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Nutr 2011, 30:6-19.
• [3]Chilton FH, Rudel LL, Parks JS, Arm JP, Seeds MC: Mechanisms by which botanical lipids affect inflammatory disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:498S-503S.
• [4]Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006, 189:19-30.
• [5]Adkins Y, Kelley DS: Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2010, 21:781-92.
• [6]Food and Drug Administration: Office of nutritional products, labeling, and dietary supplements, center for food safety and applied nutrition, US food and drug administration. Omega-3 fatty acids & coronary heart disease. Docket No. 2003Q-0401. http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064923.htm webcite. Accessed February 27, 2013
• [7]Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ: Fish comsumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002, 106:2747-57.
• [8]Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, Jordan HS, Lau J: n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not α-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 84:5-17.
• [9]Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ: Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res 2009, 48:355-74.
• [10]Lemke SL, Vicini JL, Su H, Goldstein DA, Nemeth MA, Krul ES, Harris WS: Dietary intake of stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil increases the omega-3 index: randomized, double-blind clinical study of efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92:766-75.
• [11]Venegas-Calerón M, Sayanova O, Napier JA: An alternative to fish oils: metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2010, 49:108-19.
• [12]Poudyal H, Panchal SK, Diwan V, Brown L: Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: effects and emerging mechanisms of action. Prog Lipid Res 2011, 50:372-87.
• [13]Tahvonen RL, Schwab US, Linderborg KM, Mykkänen HM, Kallio HP: Black currant seed oil and fish oil supplements differ in their effects on fatty acid profiles of plasma lipids, and concentrations of serum total and lipoprotein lipids, plasma glucose and insulin. J Nutr Biochem 2005, 16:353-9.
• [14]Damude HG, Kinney AJ: Engineering oilseed plants for a sustainable, land-based source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 2007, 42:179-85.
• [15]Yamazaki K, Fujikawa M, Hamazaki T, Yano S, Shono T: Comparison of the conversion rates of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3(n - 3)) and stearidonic acid (18:4(n - 3)) to longer polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1123:18-26.
• [16]Whelan J: Dietary stearidonic acid is a long chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid with potential health benefits. J Nutr 2009, 139:5-10.
• [17]AOAC: Official methods n. 996.06, Fat (Total, Saturated, and Monounsaturated) in Foods. Offic Meth Anal 2002, 41:20-24A.
• [18]Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972, 18:499-502.
• [19]Tillmann T, Kamino K, Dasenbrock C, Kohler M, Morawietz G, Campo E, Cardesa A, Tomatis L, Mohr U: Quality control of three methods for lung tumorigenesis studies. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1999, 51:99-104.
• [20]Zhang P, Boudyguina E, Wilsom MD, Gebre AK, Parks JS: Echium oil reduces plasma lipids and hepatic lipogenic gene expression in apoB100-only LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2008, 19:655-63.
• [21]Harris WS: Stearidonic acid-enhaced soybean oil: a plant-based source of n-3 fatty acids for foods. J Nutr 2012, 142:600S-604S.
• [22]Yoshikawa T, Ide T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Matsuzaka T, Yatoh S, Kitamine T, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Sekiya M, Takahashi A, Hasty AH, Sato R, Sone H, Osuga J, Ishibashi S, Yamada N: Cross-talk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and liver X receptor (LXR) in nutritional regulation of fatty acid metabolism. I. PPARs suppress sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c promoter through inhibition of LXR signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:1240-54.
• [23]Byrne CD: Fatty liver: role of inflammation and fatty acid nutrition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010, 82:265-71.
• [24]Harris WS, Miller M, Tighe AP, Davidson MH, Schaefer EJ: Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk: clinical and mechanistic perspectives. Atherosclerosis 2008, 197:12-24.
• [25]Whelan J, Gouffon J, Zhao Y: Effects of dietary stearidonic acid on biomarkers of lipid metabolism. J Nutr 2012, 142:630S-634S.
• [26]Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA, Cohn JS, O’ Connor HT, George J: Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2012, 56:944-951.
• [27]Sekiya M, Yahagi N, Matsuzaka T, Najima Y, Nakakuki M, Nagai R, Ishibashi S, Osuga J, Yamada N, Shimano H: Polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate hepatic steatosis in obese mice by SREBP-1 suppression. Hepatology 2003, 38:1529-1539.
• [28]Araya J, Rodrigo R, Videla LA, Thielemann L, Orellana M, Pettinelli P, Poniachik J: Increase in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6/n-3 ratio in relation to hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Sci 2004, 106:635-643.
• [29]Ishihara K, Komatsu W, Saito H, Shinohara K: Comparison of the effects of dietary α- Linolenic, stearidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids on production of inflammatory mediators in mice. Lipids 2002, 37:481-6.
• [30]Safwat GM, Pisanò S, D’Amore E, Borioni G, Napolitano M, Kamal AA, Ballanti P, Botham KM, Bravo E: Induction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance by feeding a high-fat diet in rats: does coenzyme Q monomethyl ether have a modulatory effect? Nutrition 2009, 25:1157-68.