Trends and protective factors of female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso: 1999 to 2010

International Journal for Equity in Health

Nyovani Janet Madise¹  Lana Clara Chikhungu¹ 

[1] Division of Social Statistics and Demography, Centre for Global Health, Population, Poverty and Policy, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Building 58, Social Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

关键词: Burkina Faso;    Education;    Circumcision;    Female Genital Mutilation;   

Others  :  1206285
DOI  :  10.1186/s12939-015-0171-1

 received in 2014-07-12, accepted in 2015-04-21,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

The practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is common in several African countries and some parts of Asia. This practice is not only a violation of human rights, but also puts women at risk of adverse health outcomes. This paper analysed the trends in the prevalence of FGM in Burkina Faso and investigated factors that are associated with this practice following the enactment of an FGM law in 1996.

Methods

The study used the Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data sets from women aged 15 to 49 years undertaken in 1999, 2003 and 2010. Chi square tests were carried out to investigate whether there has been a change in the levels of FGM in Burkina Faso between 1999 and 2010 and multilevel logistic regression analysis were employed to identify factors that were significantly associated with undergoing FGM.

Results

The levels of FGM in Burkina Faso declined significantly from 83.6% in 1999 to 76.1% in 2010. The percentage of women circumcised between the ages of 0 to 5 years increased from 34.2% in 1999 to 69% in 2010. Significantly more women in 2010 than in 1999 were of the opinion that FGM should stop (90.6% versus 75.1%, respectively). In 2010, the odds of getting circumcised were lowest amongst women that were born in the period 1990 to 1995 (immediately before the FGM law was enacted) compared to women born in the period 1960-1965 [OR 0.16 (0.13,0.20)]. There was significant variation of FGM across communities. Other factors that were significantly associated with being circumcised were education level, religion, ethnicity, urban residence and age at marriage.

Conclusions

Although the prevalence of FGM has declined in Burkina Faso, the levels are still high. In order to tackle the practice of FGM in Burkina Faso, the government of Burkina Faso and its development partners need to encourage girls’ participation in education and target its sensitization campaigns against FGM towards Muslim women, women residing in rural areas and women of Mossi ethnic background.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Chikhungu and Madise; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]WHO WHO. Report of a WHO Technical Working Group Meeting on Female Genital Mutilation. Geneva; 1995.
• [2]Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. 2013.
• [3]WHO Fact sheet (2012) N°241 Female Genital Mutilation. 2012.
• [4]Kizilhan JI. Impact of psychological disorders after female genital mutilation among Kurdish girls in Northern Iraq. Eur J Psychiat. 2011; 25(2):92-100.
• [5]Female Genital Mutilation. Fact No. 241. 2000.
• [6]Théra T, Kouma A, Touré M, Coulibaly A, Sima M, Ongoiba I, et al. Obstetrical complications of genital mutilation in Malian rural environment. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2014.
• [7]Burkina Faso Statistics [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burkinafaso_statistics.html]
• [8]UNFPA. Marrying too young, End child marriage. http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/publications/pid/12166. 2012.
• [9]Msuya SE, Mbizvo E, Hussain A, Sundby J, Sam NE, Stray-Pedersen B. Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? Trop Med Int Health. 2002; 7(2):159-65.
• [10]Klouman E, Manongi R, Klepp KI. Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in Rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Trop Med Int Health. 2005; 10(1):105-15.
• [11]Gele AA, Bø BP, Sundby J. Have we made progress in Somalia after 30 years of interventions? Attitudes toward female circumcision among people in the Hargeisa district. BMC Res Notes. 2013; 6:122. BioMed Central Full Text
• [12]El-Gibaly O, Ibrahim B, Mensch BS, Clark WH. The decline of female circumcision in Egypt: evidence and interpretation. Soc Sci Med. 2002; 54(2):205-20.
• [13]Inungu J, Tou Y. Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso. J Publ Health Epidemiol. 2013; 5(11):20-8.
• [14]Toubia N. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. Women Ink, New York; 1993.
• [15]Dalal K, Lawoko S, Jansson B. Women’s attitudes towards discontinuation of female genital mutilation in Egypt. J Inj Violence Res. 2010; 2(1):41-7.
• [16]Varol N, Fraser IS, Ng CH, Jaldesa G, Hall J. Female genital mutilation/cutting - towards abandonment of a harmful cultural practice. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014.
• [17]Inungu J, Tou Y. Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso. J Publ Health Epidemiol. 2013.
• [18]Shell-Duncan B, Wander K, Hernlund Y, Moreau A. Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: testing predictions of social convention theory. Soc Sci Med. 2011; 73(8):1275-83.
• [19]Karmaker B, Kandala N, Chung D, Clarke A. Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso and its policy implications. Int J Equity in Health. 2011;10(20).
• [20]Sakeah E, Beke A, Doctor HV, Hodgson A. Male’s preferences for circumcised women in Northern Ghana. Afr J Reprod Health. 2006; 10(2):37-47.
• [21]Saleem RA, Othman N, Fattah FH, Hazim L, Adnan B. Female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan: description and associated factors. Women Health. 2013; 53(6):537-51.
• [22]Mackie G. Ending footbinding and infibulation: a convention account. Am Sociol Rev. 1996; 61(6):999-1017.
• [23]Yount KM. Symbolic gender politics, religious group identity, and the decline in female genital cutting in Minya Egypt. Soc Forces. 2004; 82(3):1063-90.
• [24]Gruenbaum E. The female circumcision controversy: An anthropological perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia , PA; 2001.
• [25]Plo K, Asse K, Seï D, Yenan J. Female genital mutilation in infants and young girls: report of sixty cases observed at the general hospital of abobo (abidjan, cote d’ivoire, west Africa). Int J Pediatr. 2014; 2014:837471.
• [26]Hayford SR, Trinitapoli J. Religious differences in female genital cutting: a case study from Burkina Faso. J Sci Stud Relig. 2011; 50(2):252-71.
• [27]Yount KM. Like mother, like daughter? female genital cutting in Minia, Egypt. J Health Soc Behav. 2002; 43(3):336-58.
• [28]Mason K. The Impact of Women’s Position on Demographic Change During the Course of Development. In: Women’s Position and Demographic Change. Federici KOM N, Sogner S, editors. Clarendon, Oxford; 1993: p.19-42.
• [29]Female Genital Mutilation: An Overview. WHO, Geneva; 1998.
• [30]WHO. Eliminating Female Genital Mulitation: An Integagency statement UNAIDS,UNDP,UNECA,UNESCO,UNFPA,UNHCHR,UNICEF,UNIFEM,WHO. 2008.
• [31]Legislative Reform to Support the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation. 2010.
• [32]Mitike G, Deressa W. Prevalence and associated factors of female genital mutilation among Somali refugees in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9:264. BioMed Central Full Text
• [33]Jackson EE, Akweongo P, Sakeah E, Hodgson A, Asuru R, Phillips JE. Inconsistent reporting of female genital cutting status in Northern Ghana: explanatory factors and analytical consequences. Stud Fam Plann. 2003; 34(3):200-10.
• [34]Shell-Duncan B. Impact of seasonal variation in food availability and disease stress on the health status of Nomadic Turkana children: a longitudinal analysis of morbidity, immunity, and nutritional status. Am J Hum Biol. 1995; 7:339-55.
• [35]Elmusharaf S, Elhadi N, Almroth L. Reliability of Self Reported form of Female Genital Mutilation and WHO Classification: Cross Sectional Study, vol. 333. 2006.
• [36]Roosevelt E. Equality Now: Annual Report 2008. 2008.