Influence of comorbidities in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus — research and clinical care. A report of the ISHCSF task force on comorbidities in INPH

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Norman R Relkin^1,10  Michael A Williams²  Mats Tullberg⁴  Brian K Owler³  Etsuro Mori⁸  Ville Leinonen⁷  Bo Kristensen¹  Masatsune Ishikawa⁶  Neill R Graff-Radford⁹  Jan Malm⁵ 

[1] Department of Neurology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark;The Sandra and Malcolm Berman Brain & Spine Institute of Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, USA;Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 85, Sweden;Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center, Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan;Department of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan;Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA;Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA

关键词: Task force;    Guidelines;    Review;    Comorbidity;    Normal pressure;    Hydrocephalus;   

Others  :  806579
DOI  :  10.1186/2045-8118-10-22

 received in 2013-04-22, accepted in 2013-05-28,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome of ventriculomegaly, gait impairment, cognitive decline and incontinence that occurs in an elderly population prone to many types of comorbidities. Identification of the comorbidities is thus an important part of the clinical management of INPH patients. In 2011, a task force was appointed by the International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders (ISHCSF) with the objective to compile an evidence-based expert analysis of what we know and what we need to know regarding comorbidities in INPH. This article is the final report of the task force. The expert panel conducted a comprehensive review of the literature. After weighing the evidence, the various proposals were discussed and the final document was approved by all the task force members and represents a consensus of expert opinions. Recommendations regarding the following topics are given: I. Musculoskeletal conditions; II. Urinary problems; III. Vascular disease including risk factors, Binswanger disease, and white matter hyperintensities; IV. Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease including biopsies; V. Other dementias (frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body, Parkinson); VI. Psychiatric and behavioral disorders; VII. Brain imaging; VIII. How to investigate and quantify. The task force concluded that comorbidity can be an important predictor of prognosis and post-operative outcome in INPH. Reported differences in outcomes among various INPH cohorts may be partly explained by variation in the rate and types of comorbidities at different hydrocephalus centers. Identification of comorbidities should thus be a central part of the clinical management of INPH where a detailed history, physical examination, and targeted investigations are the basis for diagnosis and grading. Future INPH research should focus on the contribution of comorbidity to overall morbidity, mortality and long-term outcomes.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Malm et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M: Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med 2009, 7:357-363.
• [2]Boon AJ, Tans JT, Delwel EJ, Egeler-Peerdeman SM, Hanlo PW, Wurzer HA, Avezaat CJ, de Jong DA, Gooskens RH, Hermans J: Dutch normal-pressure hydrocephalus study: prediction of outcome after shunting by resistance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg 1997, 87:687-693.
• [3]Marmarou A, Young HF, Aygok GA, Sawauchi S, Tsuji O, Yamamoto T, Dunbar J: Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study in 151 patients. J Neurosurg 2005, 102:987-997.
• [4]Eide PK, Sorteberg W: Diagnostic intracranial pressure monitoring and surgical management in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a 6-year review of 214 patients. Neurosurgery 2010, 66:80-91.
• [5]McGirt MJ, Woodworth G, Coon AL, Thomas G, Williams MA, Rigamonti D: Diagnosis, treatment, and analysis of long-term outcomes in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:699-705. discussion 699–705
• [6]Hashimoto M, Ishikawa M, Mori E, Kuwana N, Study of Ioni: Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is supported by MRI-based scheme: a prospective cohort study. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2010, 7:18. BioMed Central Full Text
• [7]Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, Khatri P, McMullan PW Jr, Qureshi AI, Rosenfield K, et al.: Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013, 44:870-947.
• [8]Komotar RJ, Zacharia BE, Mocco J, Kaiser MG, Frucht SJ, McKhann GM 2nd: Cervical spine disease may result in a negative lumbar spinal drainage trial in normal pressure hydrocephalus: case report. Neurosurgery 2008, 63:315. discussion 315
• [9]Hung WW, Egol KA, Zuckerman JD, Siu AL: Hip fracture management: tailoring care for the older patient. JAMA 2012, 307:2185-2194.
• [10]Hindman BJ, Palecek JP, Posner KL, Traynelis VC, Lee LA, Sawin PD, Tredway TL, Todd MM, Domino KB: Cervical spinal cord, root, and bony spine injuries: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2011, 114:782-795.
• [11]Sirvanci M, Bhatia M, Ganiyusufoglu KA, Duran C, Tezer M, Ozturk C, Aydogan M, Hamzaoglu A: Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: correlation with Oswestry Disability Index and MR imaging. E SJ 2008, 17:679-685.
• [12]Goepel M, Hoffmann JA, Piro M, Rubben H, Michel MC: Prevalence and physician awareness of symptoms of urinary bladder dysfunction. Eur Urol 2002, 41:234-239.
• [13]Nygaard I: Clinical practice. Idiopathic urgency urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1156-1162.
• [14]Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, Hunt TL, Wein AJ: Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 2003, 20:327-336.
• [15]Ghoniem G, Stanford E, Kenton K, Achtari C, Goldberg R, Mascarenhas T, Parekh M, Tamussino K, Tosson S, Lose G, Petri E: Evaluation and outcome measures in the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence: International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) guidelines for research and clinical practice. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008, 19:5-33.
• [16]Panicker JN, Fowler CJ: The bare essentials: uro-neurology. Pract Neurol 2010, 10:178-185.
• [17]Governale LS, Fein N, Logsdon J, Black PM: Techniques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2008, 63:379-384. discussion 384
• [18]Sakakibara R, Kanda T, Sekido T, Uchiyama T, Awa Y, Ito T, Liu Z, Yamamoto T, Yamanishi T, Yuasa T, et al.: Mechanism of bladder dysfunction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurourol Urodyn 2008, 27:507-510.
• [19]Ahlberg J, Norlen L, Blomstrand C, Wikkelso C: Outcome of shunt operation on urinary incontinence in normal pressure hydrocephalus predicted by lumbar puncture. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1988, 51:105-108.
• [20]Sakakibara R, Uchida Y, Ishii K, Kazui H, Hashimoto M, Ishikawa M, Yuasa T, Kishi M, Ogawa E, Tateno F, et al.: Correlation of right frontal hypoperfusion and urinary dysfunction in iNPH: a SPECT study. Neurourol Urodyn 2012, 31:50-55.
• [21]Akai K, Uchigasaki S, Tanaka U, Komatsu A: Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neuropathological study. Acta Pathol Jpn 1987, 37:97-110.
• [22]Newton H, Pickard JD, Weller RO: Normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebrovascular disease: findings of postmortem. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1989, 52:804.
• [23]Bech RA, Waldemar G, Gjerris F, Klinken L, Juhler M: Shunting effects in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; correlation with cerebral and leptomeningeal biopsy findings. Acta Neurochir 1999, 141:633-639.
• [24]Hellstrom P, Edsbagge M, Archer T, Tisell M, Tullberg M, Wikkelso C: The neuropsychology of patients with clinically diagnosed idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2007, 61:1219-1226. discussion 1227–1218
• [25]Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and systemic hypertension. Neurology 1987, 37:868-871.
• [26]Casmiro M, D’Alessandro R, Cacciatore FM, Daidone R, Calbucci F, Lugaresi E: Risk factors for the syndrome of ventricular enlargement with gait apraxia (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus): a case–control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52:847-852.
• [27]Boon AJ, Tans JT, Delwel EJ, Egeler-Peerdeman SM, Hanlo PW, Wurzer HA, Hermans J: Dutch normal-pressure hydrocephalus study: the role of cerebrovascular disease. J Neurosurg 1999, 90:221-226.
• [28]Tullberg M, Jensen C, Ekholm S, Wikkelso C: Normal pressure hydrocephalus: vascular white matter changes on MR images must not exclude patients from shunt surgery. AJNR 2001, 22:1665-1673.
• [29]Krauss JK, Regel JP, Vach W, Orszagh M, Jungling FD, Bohus M, Droste DW: White matter lesions in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and in an age-matched control group: a comparative study. Neurosurgery 1997, 40:491-495. discussion 495–496
• [30]Krauss JK, Regel JP, Vach W, Droste DW, Borremans JJ, Mergner T: Vascular risk factors and arteriosclerotic disease in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly. Stroke 1996, 27:24-29.
• [31]Kannel WB: Historic perspectives on the relative contributions of diastolic and systolic blood pressure elevation to cardiovascular risk profile. Am Heart J 1999, 138:205-210.
• [32]Graff-Radford NR, Knopman DS, Penman AD, Coker LH, Mosley TH: Do systolic BP and pulse pressure relate to ventricular enlargement? Eur J Neurol 2013, 20:720-724.
• [33]Qvarlander S, Lundkvist B, Koskinen LO, Malm J, Eklund A: Pulsatility in CSF dynamics: pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013.
• [34]Odonnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, Mcqueen MJ, et al.: Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case–control study. Lancet 2010, 376:112-123.
• [35]Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, et al.: European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The fifth joint task force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2012, 33:1635-1701.
• [36]Kaffashian S, Dugravot A, Elbaz A, Shipley MJ, Sabia S, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A: Predicting cognitive decline: A dementia risk score vs the Framingham vascular risk scores. Neurology 2013, 80:1300-1306.
• [37]Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Gilley DW, Fox JH: Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990, 53:961-965.
• [38]Caplan LR: Binswanger’s disease–revisited. Neurology 1995, 45:626-633.
• [39]Bennett DA, Gilley DW, Lee S, Cochran EJ: White matter changes: neurobehavioral manifestations of Binswanger’s disease and clinical correlates in Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia 1994, 5:148-152.
• [40]Roman GC: Senile dementia of the Binswanger type. A vascular form of dementia in the elderly. JAMA 1987, 258:1782-1788.
• [41]Larsson A, Wikkelso C, Bilting M, Stephensen H: Clinical parameters in 74 consecutive patients shunt operated for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 1991, 84:475-482.
• [42]Krauss JK, Droste DW, Vach W, Regel JP, Orszagh M, Borremans JJ, Tietz A, Seeger W: Cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: effect of periventricular and deep white matter lesions. Neurosurgery 1996, 39:292-299. discussion 299–300
• [43]Tullberg M, Hultin L, Ekholm S, Mansson JE, Fredman P, Wikkelso C: White matter changes in normal pressure hydrocephalus and Binswanger disease: specificity, predictive value and correlations to axonal degeneration and demyelination. Acta Neurol Scand 2002, 105:417-426.
• [44]Tisell M, Tullberg M, Hellstrom P, Edsbagge M, Hogfeldt M, Wikkelso C: Shunt surgery in patients with hydrocephalus and white matter changes. J Neurosurg 2011, 114:1432-1438.
• [45]Walchenbach R, Geiger E, Thomeer RT, Vanneste JA: The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:503-506.
• [46]Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Klinge P, Relkin N, Black PM: The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:S17-S28. discussion ii-v
• [47]Wikkelso C, Hellstrom P, Klinge PM, Tans JT, European i NPHMSG: The European iNPH multicentre study on the predictive values of resistance to CSF outflow and the CSF Tap test in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013, 84:562-568.
• [48]Bradley WG: Normal pressure hydrocephalus and deep white matter ischemia: which is the chicken, and which is the egg? AJNR 2001, 22:1638-1640.
• [49]Heiss WD, Zimmermann-Meinzingen S: PET imaging in the differential diagnosis of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2012, 322:268-273.
• [50]Schuff N, Capizzano AA, Du AT, Amend DL, O’Neill J, Norman D, Jagust WJ, Chui HC, Kramer JH, Reed BR, et al.: Different patterns of N-acetylaspartate loss in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and AD. Neurology 2003, 61:358-364.
• [51]Kondziella D, Sonnewald U, Tullberg M, Wikkelso C: Brain metabolism in adult chronic hydrocephalus. J Neurochem 2008, 106:1515-1524.
• [52]Tullberg M, Blennow K, Mansson J-E, Fredman P, Tisell M, Wikkelsö C: Cerebrospinal fluid markers before and after shunting in patients with secondary and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. 2008, 5:9. http://www.fluidsbarrierscns.com/content/5/1/9 webcite
• [53]Agren-Wilsson A, Lekman A, Sjoberg W, Rosengren L, Blennow K, Bergenheim AT, Malm J: CSF biomarkers in the evaluation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 2007, 116:333-339.
• [54]Tullberg M, Mansson JE, Fredman P, Lekman A, Blennow K, Ekman R, Rosengren LE, Tisell M, Wikkelso C: CSF sulfatide distinguishes between normal pressure hydrocephalus and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 69:74-81.
• [55]Mckhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, et al.: The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:262-269.
• [56]Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Carrillo MC, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, et al.: National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2012, 8:1-13.
• [57]Vanderstichele H, Bibl M, Engelborghs S, Le Bastard N, Lewczuk P, Molinuevo JL, Parnetti L, Perret-Liaudet A, Shaw LM, Teunissen C, et al.: Standardization of preanalytical aspects of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis: a consensus paper from the Alzheimer’s Biomarkers Standardization Initiative. Alzheimers Dement 2012, 8:65-73.
• [58]Cabral D, Beach TG, Vedders L, Sue LI, Jacobson S, Myers K, Sabbagh MN: Frequency of Alzheimer’s disease pathology at autopsy in patients with clinical normal pressure hydrocephalus. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:509-513.
• [59]Kanno S, Saito M, Hayashi A, Uchiyama M, Hiraoka K, Nishio Y, Hisanaga K, Mori E: Counting-backward test for executive function in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 2012, 126:279-286.
• [60]Iddon JL, Pickard JD, Cross JJ, Griffiths PD, Czosnyka M, Sahakian BJ: Specific patterns of cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999, 67:723-732.
• [61]Patel S, Lee EB, Xie SX, Law A, Jackson EM, Arnold SE, Clark CM, Shaw LM, Grady MS, Trojanowski JQ, Hamilton RH: Phosphorylated tau/amyloid beta 1–42 ratio in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid reflects outcome in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids barriers CNS 2012, 9:7. BioMed Central Full Text
• [62]Crystal H, Dickson D, Fuld P, Masur D, Scott R, Mehler M, Masdeu J, Kawas C, Aronson M, Wolfson L: Clinico-pathologic studies in dementia: nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1988, 38:1682-1687.
• [63]Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM: Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2009, 461:916-922.
• [64]Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Kelly JF, Aggarwal NT, Shah RC, Wilson RS: Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 2006, 66:1837-1844.
• [65]Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Wilson RS: Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology 2005, 64:834-841.
• [66]Leinonen V, Koivisto AM, Savolainen S, Rummukainen J, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Jaaskelainen JE, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I: Post-mortem findings in 10 patients with presumed normal-pressure hydrocephalus and review of the literature. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 2012, 38:72-86.
• [67]Bech-Azeddine R, Hogh P, Juhler M, Gjerris F, Waldemar G: Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunting. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:157-161.
• [68]Golomb J, Wisoff J, Miller DC, Boksay I, Kluger A, Weiner H, Salton J, Graves W: Alzheimer’s disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:778-781.
• [69]Holm A, Savolainen S, Alafuzoff I: Brain biopsy prior to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. MIN 2003, 46:161-164.
• [70]Leinonen V, Koivisto AM, Alafuzoff I, Pyykko OT, Rummukainen J, von Und Zu Fraunberg M, Jaaskelainen JE, Soininen H, Rinne J, Savolainen S: Cortical brain biopsy in long-term prognostication of 468 patients with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurodegener Dis 2012, 10:166-169.
• [71]Hamilton R, Patel S, Lee EB, Jackson EM, Lopinto J, Arnold SE, Clark CM, Basil A, Shaw LM, Xie SX, et al.: Lack of shunt response in suspected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with Alzheimer disease pathology. Ann Neurol 2010, 68:535-540.
• [72]Leinonen V, Koivisto AM, Savolainen S, Rummukainen J, Tamminen JN, Tillgren T, Vainikka S, Pyykko OT, Molsa J, Fraunberg M, et al.: Amyloid and tau proteins in cortical brain biopsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 2010, 68:446-453.
• [73]Zetterberg H, Mattsson N, Shaw LM, Blennow K: Biochemical markers in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials. Biomark Med 2010, 4:91-98.
• [74]Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hanse E: Amyloid beta and APP as biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Gerontol 2010, 45:23-29.
• [75]Ray B, Reyes PF, Lahiri DK: Biochemical studies in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) patients: change in CSF levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and phospho-tau. J Psychiat Res 2011, 45:539-547.
• [76]Wallesch CW, Jellinger KA, Rosler N: Immunoreactivities of amyloid beta peptide((1–42)) and total tau protein in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neural Transm 2004, 111:273-280.
• [77]Kapaki EN, Paraskevas GP, Tzerakis NG, Sfagos C, Seretis A, Kararizou E, Vassilopoulos D: Cerebrospinal fluid tau, phospho-tau181 and beta-amyloid1-42 in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a discrimination from Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2007, 14:168-173.
• [78]Gloeckner SF, Meyne F, Wagner F, Heinemann U, Krasnianski A, Meissner B, Zerr I: Quantitative analysis of transthyretin, tau and amyloid-beta in patients with dementia. JAD 2008, 14:17-25.
• [79]Kudo T, Mima T, Hashimoto R, Nakao K, Morihara T, Tanimukai H, Tsujio I, Koike Y, Tagami S, Mori H, et al.: Tau protein is a potential biological marker for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000, 54:199-202.
• [80]Leinonen V, Menon LG, Carroll RS, Dello Iacono D, Grevet J, Jääskeläinen JE, Black PM: Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011, 2011:312526.
• [81]Seppala TT, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Rummukainen J, Puli L, Zetterberg H, Pyykko OT, Helisalmi S, Alafuzoff I, Hiltunen M, et al.: CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer disease correlate with cortical brain biopsy findings. Neurology 2012, 78:1568-1575.
• [82]Tarnaris A, Toma AK, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD: Ongoing search for diagnostic biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Biomark Med 2009, 3:787-805.
• [83]Ott BR, Cohen RA, Gongvatana A, Okonkwo OC, Johanson CE, Stopa EG, Donahue JE, Silverberg GD, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging I: Brain ventricular volume and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. JAD 2010, 20:647-657.
• [84]Chou Y-Y, Leporé N, Avedissian C, Madsen SK, Parikshak N, Hua X, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Toga AW, et al.: Mapping correlations between ventricular expansion and CSF amyloid and tau biomarkers in 240 subjects with Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and elderly controls. Neuroimage 2009, 46:394-410.
• [85]Serot JM, Peltier J, Fichten A, Ledeme N, Bourgeois AM, Jouanny P, Toussaint P, Legars D, Godefroy O, Maziere JC: Reduced CSF turnover and decreased ventricular Abeta42 levels are related. BMC Neurosci 2011, 12:42. BioMed Central Full Text
• [86]Malm J, Kristensen B, Ekstedt J, Wester P: CSF concentration gradients of monoamine metabolites in patients with hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:1026-1033.
• [87]Lang AE, Lozano AM: Parkinson’s disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1044-1053.
• [88]McKeith IG: Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the Consortium on DLB International Workshop. J Alzheimers Dis 2006, 9:417-423.
• [89]McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O’Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, et al.: Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 2005, 65:1863-1872.
• [90]Boeve BF: Parkinson-related dementias. Neurol Clin 2007, 25:761-781. vii
• [91]Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, Campbell G, Dubois B, Duvoisin RC, Goetz CG, Golbe LI, Grafman J, Growdon JH, et al.: Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 1996, 47:1-9.
• [92]Iodice V, Lipp A, Ahlskog JE, Sandroni P, Fealey RD, Parisi JE, Matsumoto JY, Benarroch EE, Kimpinski K, Singer W, et al.: Autopsy confirmed multiple system atrophy cases: Mayo experience and role of autonomic function tests. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012, 83:453-459.
• [93]Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EG, Onyike CU, et al.: Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2011, 134:2456-2477.
• [94]Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, Ogar JM, Rohrer JD, Black S, Boeve BF, et al.: Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology 2011, 76:1006-1014.
• [95]Lindqvist G, Andersson H, Bilting M, Blomstrand C, Malmgren H, Wikkelso C: Normal pressure hydrocephalus: psychiatric findings before and after shunt operation classified in a new diagnostic system for organic psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1993, 373:18-32.
• [96]Tullberg M, Hellstrom P, Piechnik SK, Starmark JE, Wikkelso C: Impaired wakefulness is associated with reduced anterior cingulate CBF in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 2004, 110:322-330.
• [97]Kito Y, Kazui H, Kubo Y, Yoshida T, Takaya M, Wada T, Nomura K, Hashimoto M, Ohkawa S, Miyake H, et al.: Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Behav Neurol 2009, 21:165-174.
• [98]Lying-Tunell U: Psychotic symptoms in normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1979, 59:415-419.
• [99]Hellstrom P, Klinge P, Tans J, Wikkelso C: A new scale for assessment of severity and outcome in iNPH. Acta Neurol Scand 2012, 126:229-237.
• [100]Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM: Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:S4-S16. discussion ii-v
• [101]Holodny AI, Waxman R, George AE, Rusinek H, Kalnin AJ, de Leon M: MR differential diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer disease: significance of perihippocampal fissures. AJNR 1998, 19:813-819.
• [102]Savolainen S, Laakso MP, Paljarvi L, Alafuzoff I, Hurskainen H, Partanen K, Soininen H, Vapalahti M: MR imaging of the hippocampus in normal pressure hydrocephalus: correlations with cortical Alzheimer’s disease confirmed by pathologic analysis. AJNR 2000, 21:409-414.
• [103]Graff-Radford NR: Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin 2007, 25:809-832. vii-viii
• [104]Kitagaki H, Mori E, Ishii K, Yamaji S, Hirono N, Imamura T: CSF spaces in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: morphology and volumetry. AJNR 1998, 19:1277-1284.
• [105]Iseki C, Kawanami T, Nagasawa H, Wada M, Koyama S, Kikuchi K, Arawaka S, Kurita K, Daimon M, Mori E, Kato T: Asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus on MRI (AVIM) in the elderly: a prospective study in a Japanese population. J Neurol Sci 2009, 277:54-57.
• [106]Tamaki N, Shirakuni T, Ehara K, Matsumoto S: Characterization of periventricular edema in normal-pressure hydrocephalus by measurement of water proton relaxation times. J Neurosurg 1990, 73:864-870.
• [107]Lenfeldt N, Hauksson J, Birgander R, Eklund A, Malm J: Improvement after cerebrospinal fluid drainage is related to levels of N-acetyl-aspartate in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2008, 62:135-141. discussion 141–132
• [108]Lenfeldt N, Larsson A, Nyberg L, Birgander R, Eklund A, Malm J: Diffusion tensor imaging reveals supplementary lesions to frontal white matter in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2011, 68:1586-1593. discussion 1593
• [109]Lundin F, Tisell A, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Tullberg M, Wikkelso C, Lundberg P, Leijon G: Reduced thalamic N-acetylaspartate in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a controlled 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of frontal deep white matter and the thalamus using absolute quantification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011, 82:772-778.
• [110]Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C, Viswanathan A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Warach S, Launer LJ, Van Buchem MA, Breteler MM, Microbleed Study G: Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:165-174.
• [111]Meier U, Lemcke J: Co-morbidity as a predictor of outcome in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2010, 106:127-130.
• [112]Salvi F, Miller MD, Grilli A, Giorgi R, Towers AL, Morichi V, Spazzafumo L, Mancinelli L, Espinosa E, Rappelli A, Dessi-Fulgheri P: A manual of guidelines to score the modified cumulative illness rating scale and its validation in acute hospitalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008, 56:1926-1931.
• [113]Harboun M, Ankri J: Comorbidity indexes: review of the literature and application to studies of elderly population. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2001, 49:287-298.
• [114]de Groot V, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM: How to measure comorbidity. a critical review of available methods. J Clin Epidemiol 2003, 56:221-229.
• [115]Beloosesky Y, Weiss A, Mansur N: Validity of the medication-based disease burden index compared with the Charlson comorbidity index and the cumulative illness rating scale for geriatrics: a cohort study. Drugs Aging 2011, 28:1007-1014.
• [116]Zekry D, Loures Valle BH, Lardi C, Graf C, Michel JP, Gold G, Krause KH, Herrmann FR: Geriatrics index of comorbidity was the most accurate predictor of death in geriatric hospital among six comorbidity scores. J Clin Epidemiol 2010, 63:1036-1044.
• [117]Zekry D, Valle BH, Michel JP, Esposito F, Gold G, Krause KH, Herrmann FR: Prospective comparison of six co-morbidity indices as predictors of 5 years post hospital discharge survival in the elderly. Rejuvenation Res 2010, 13:675-682.
• [118]Parmelee PA, Thuras PD, Katz IR, Lawton MP: Validation of the cumulative illness rating scale in a geriatric residential population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995, 43:130-137.