Does the choice of neighbourhood supermarket access measure influence associations with individual-level fruit and vegetable consumption? A case study from Glasgow

International Journal of Health Geographics

Anne Ellaway¹  Karen E Lamb³  Laura Macdonald¹  Jamie R Pearce²  Lukar E Thornton⁴ 

[1] Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, Scotland, United Kingdom;Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, United Kingdom;Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia;Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia

关键词: Dietary behaviours;    Food environment;    Geographic information systems;   

Others  :  811062
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-072X-11-29

 received in 2012-05-09, accepted in 2012-07-18,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Previous studies have provided mixed evidence with regards to associations between food store access and dietary outcomes. This study examines the most commonly applied measures of locational access to assess whether associations between supermarket access and fruit and vegetable consumption are affected by the choice of access measure and scale.

Method

Supermarket location data from Glasgow, UK (n = 119), and fruit and vegetable intake data from the ‘Health and Well-Being’ Survey (n = 1041) were used to compare various measures of locational access. These exposure variables included proximity estimates (with different points-of-origin used to vary levels of aggregation) and density measures using three approaches (Euclidean and road network buffers and Kernel density estimation) at distances ranging from 0.4 km to 5 km. Further analysis was conducted to assess the impact of using smaller buffer sizes for individuals who did not own a car. Associations between these multiple access measures and fruit and vegetable consumption were estimated using linear regression models.

Results

Levels of spatial aggregation did not impact on the proximity estimates. Counts of supermarkets within Euclidean buffers were associated with fruit and vegetable consumption at 1 km, 2 km and 3 km, and for our road network buffers at 2 km, 3 km, and 4 km. Kernel density estimates provided the strongest associations and were significant at a distance of 2 km, 3 km, 4 km and 5 km. Presence of a supermarket within 0.4 km of road network distance from where people lived was positively associated with fruit consumption amongst those without a car (coef. 0.657; s.e. 0.247; p0.008).

Conclusions

The associations between locational access to supermarkets and individual-level dietary behaviour are sensitive to the method by which the food environment variable is captured. Care needs to be taken to ensure robust and conceptually appropriate measures of access are used and these should be grounded in a clear a priori reasoning.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Thornton et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Richard L, Gauvin L, Raine K: Ecological models revisited: their uses and evolution in health promotion over two decades. Annu Rev Public Health 2011, 32:307-326.
• [2]Feng J, Glass TA, Curriero FC, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS: The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health Place 2010, 16(2):175-190.
• [3]Brug J: Determinants of healthy eating: motivation, abilities and environmental opportunities. Fam Pract 2008, 25:i50-i55.
• [4]Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Avendano-Pabon M, Brug J: A systematic review of environmental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic environments? Obes Rev 2011, 12(5):e95-e106.
• [5]Cummins S, Macintyre S: Food environments and obesity–neighbourhood or nation? Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35(1):100-104.
• [6]Thornton L, Kavanagh A: The local food environment and obesity. In Geographies of Obesity: Environmental Understandings of the Obesity Epidemic. Edited by Pearce J, Witten K. Ashgate, Surrey, England; 2010.
• [7]Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM: Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011, 8:71. BioMed Central Full Text
• [8]Handy SL, Niemeier DA: Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives. Environ Plan A 1997, 29:1175-1194.
• [9]Block JP, Christakis NA, O’Malley AJ, Subramanian SV: Proximity to food establishments and body mass index in the framingham heart study offspring cohort over 30 years. Am J Epidemiol 2011, 174(10):1108-1114.
• [10]Thornton LE, Crawford DA, Ball K: Neighbourhood socioeconomic variation in women’s diet: the role of nutrition environments. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010, 64(12):1423-1432.
• [11]Pearce J, Hiscock R, Blakely T, Witten K: The contextual effects of neighbourhood access to supermarkets and convenience stores on individual fruit and vegetable consumption. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008, 62(3):198-201.
• [12]Laraia BA, Siega-Riz AM, Kaufman JS, Jones SJ: Proximity of supermarkets is positively associated with diet quality index for pregnancy. Prev Med 2004, 39(5):869-875.
• [13]Thornton LE, Bentley RJ, Kavanagh AM: Fast food purchasing and access to fast food restaurants: A multilevel analysis of VicLANES. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009, 6:28. BioMed Central Full Text
• [14]Burdette HL, Whitaker RC: Neighborhood playgrounds, fast food restaurants, and crime: relationships to overweight in low-income preschool children. Prev Med 2004, 38(1):57-63.
• [15]Jeffery RW, Baxter J, McGuire M, Linde J: Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2006, 3:2. BioMed Central Full Text
• [16]Moore LV, Diez Roux AV, Brines S: Comparing Perception-Based and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based characterizations of the local food environment. J Urban Health 2008, 85(2):206-216.
• [17]Moore LV, Diez Roux AV, Nettleton JA, Jacobs DR: Associations of the local food environment with diet quality–a comparison of assessments based on surveys and geographic information systems: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2008, 167(8):917-924.
• [18]Moore LV, Diez Roux AV, Nettleton JA, Jacobs DR, Franco M: Fast-food consumption, diet quality, and neighborhood exposure to fast food: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 170(1):29-36.
• [19]Bader MDM, Purciel M, Yousefzadeh P, Neckerman KM: Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments: Implications of Measurement Strategies. Econ Geogr 2010, 86(4):409-430.
• [20]Rundle A, Neckerman KM, Freeman L, Lovasi GS, Purciel M, Quinn J, Richards C, Sircar N, Weiss C: Neighborhood food environment and walkability predict obesity in New York City. Environ Health Perspect 2009, 117(3):442-447.
• [21]Charreire H, Casey R, Salze P, Simon C, Chaix B, Banos A, Badariotti D, Weber C, Oppert JM: Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems: a methodological review. Public Health Nutr 2010, 13(11):1773-1785.
• [22]Schaefer-McDaniel N, Caughy MO, O’Campo P, Gearey W: Examining methodological details of neighbourhood observations and the relationship to health: a literature review. Soc Sci Med 2010, 70(2):277-292.
• [23]Oliver LN, Schuurman N, Hall AW: Comparing circular and network buffers to examine the influence of land use on walking for leisure and errands. Int J Health Geogr 2007, 6:41. BioMed Central Full Text
• [24]Block JP, Scribner RA, DeSalvo KB: Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income - A geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27(3):211-217.
• [25]Pearce J, Day P, Witten K: Neighbourhood provision of food and alcohol retailing and social deprivation in urban New Zealand. Urban Policy Res 2008, 26(2):213-227.
• [26]Tunstall HVZ, Shaw M, Dorling D: Places and health. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004, 58(1):6-10.
• [27]Cummins S, Macintyre S, Davidson S, Ellaway A: Measuring neighbourhood social and material context: generation and interpretation of ecological data from routine and non-routine sources. Health Place 2005, 11(3):249-260.
• [28]O’Campo P: Invited commentary: Advancing theory and methods for multilevel models of residential neighborhoods and health. Am J Epidemiol 2003, 157(1):9-13.
• [29]Diez Roux AV: Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health. Am J Public Health 2001, 91(11):1783-1789.
• [30]Matisziw TC, Grubesic TH, Wei H: Downscaling spatial structure for the analysis of epidemiological data. Comput Environ Urban Syst 2008, 32:81-93.
• [31]Hewko J, Smoyer-Tomic KE, Hodgson MJ: Measuring neighbourhood spatial accessibility to urban amenities: does aggregation error matter? Environ Plan A 2002, 34:1185-1206.
• [32]Fortney J, Rost K, Warren J: Comparing alternative methods of measuring geographic access to health services. Health Serv Outcome Res Methodol 2000, 1(2):173-184.
• [33]Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Brown DG, Erdmann CA, Bertoni AG: Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and their association with insulin resistance. Epidemiology 2008, 19(1):146-157.
• [34]Sparks AL, Bania N, Leete L: Comparative Approaches to Measuring Food Access in Urban Areas: The Case of Portland, Oregon. Urban Stud 2011, 48(8):1715-1737.
• [35]Lytle LA: Measuring the food environment: state of the science. Am J Prev Med 2009, 36(4 Suppl):S134-S144.
• [36]Ball K, Timperio AF, Crawford DA: Understanding environmental influences on nutrition and physical activity behaviors: where should we look and what should we count? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2006, 3:33. BioMed Central Full Text
• [37]Chaix B, Merlo J, Evans D, Leal C, Havard S: Neighbourhoods in eco-epidemiologic research: delimiting personal exposure areas. A response to Riva, Gauvin, Apparicio and Brodeur. Soc Sci Med 2009, 69(9):1306-1310.
• [38]O’Sullivan D, Unwin DJ: Geographic Information Analysis. 2nd edition. Wiley, Hoboken; 2010.
• [39]National Records of Scotland: Glasgow City Council Area - Demographic Factsheet. General Register Office for Scotland, ; 2012. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/council-area-data-sheets/glasgow-city-factsheet.pdf webcite
• [40]Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics Data Zones (CD-ROM). Scottish Government, Edinburgh; 2006.
• [41]Jones R, Borland E, Boyd A, Lorenzetti K, Scouller J, Caery L, Tannahill C: The Health and Well-being of the Greater Glasgow Population. NHS Greater Glasgow, Glasgow; 2003.
• [42]Macdonald L, Ellaway A, Ball K, Macintyre S: Is proximity to a food retail store associated with diet and BMI in Glasgow, Scotland? BMC Public Health 2011, 11:464. BioMed Central Full Text
• [43]Ordnance Survey MasterMap (CD-ROM). Ordnance survey, Southamption, UK; 2009.
• [44]StataCorp: Stata. 112th edition. StataCorp, College Station, TX; 2011.
• [45]Blakely TA, Woodward AJ: Ecological effects in multi-level studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000, 54(5):367-374.
• [46]Subramanian SV: The relevance of multilevel statistical methods for identifying causal neighborhood effects - Commentary. Soc Sci Med 2004, 58(10):1961-1967.
• [47]Kwan MP: From place-based to people-based exposure measures. Soc Sci Med 2009, 69(9):1311-1313.
• [48]Cummins S, Findlay A, Higgins C, Petticrew M, Sparks L, Thomson H: Reducing inequalities in health and diet: findings from a study on the impact of a food retail development. Environ Plan A 2008, 40(2):402-422.
• [49]Cummins S: Neighbourhood food environment and diet: time for improved conceptual models? Prev Med 2007, 44(3):196-197.
• [50]Handy SL, Clifton KJ: Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel. Transportation 2001, 28:317-346.
• [51]Zenk SN, Schulz AJ, Matthews SA, Odoms-Young A, Wilbur J, Wegrzyn L, Gibbs K, Braunschweig C, Stokes C: Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: A pilot study. Health Place 2011, 17(5):1150-1161.
• [52]Clifton KJ: Mobility strategies and food shopping for low-income families: A case study. J Plan Educ Res 2004, 23:402-413.
• [53]Glanz K, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD: Healthy nutrition environments: concepts and measures. Am J Health Promot 2005, 19(5):330-333.
• [54]Cummins S, Macintyre S: Are secondary data sources on the neighbourhood food environment accurate? Case-study in Glasgow, UK. Prev Med 2009, 49(6):527-528.