Participation and performance trends in ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ from 1983 to 2012

Extreme Physiology & Medicine

Romuald Lepers³  Thomas Rosemann¹  Christoph Alexander Rüst¹  Beat Knechtle²  Dimirela Meili¹ 

[1] Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, Zurich 8091, Switzerland;Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, St. Gallen 9001, Switzerland;INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, UFR STAPS, BP 27877, Dijon Cedex 21078, France

关键词: Triathlete;    Age;    Sex difference;    Running;    Cycling;    Swimming;    Ultra-endurance;   

Others  :  804787
DOI  :  10.1186/2046-7648-2-25

 received in 2013-02-11, accepted in 2013-05-02,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Participation and performance trends have been investigated in a single stage Ironman triathlon such as the ‘Ironman Hawaii,’ but not for a multi-stage ultra-triathlon such as the ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ covering a total distance of 515 km. The aims of this study were to analyze (1) changes in participation and performance, (2) sex-related differences in overall and split time performances, and (3) the age of peak performance in Ultraman Hawaii.

Methods

Age and race times including split times for 98 women and 570 men who successfully finished Ultraman Hawaii (day 1 with 10-km swimming and 145-km cycling, day 2 with 276-km cycling, and day 3 with 84-km running) between 1983 and 2012 were analyzed. Changes in variables over time of annual winners and annual top three women and men were investigated using simple linear regression analyses.

Results

The number of female finishers increased (r² = 0.26, p < 0.01), while the number of male finishers remained stable (r² = 0.03, p > 0.05). Overall race times decreased for both female (r² = 0.28, p < 0.01) and male (r² = 0.14, p < 0.05) winners and for both the annual top three women (r² = 0.36, p < 0.01) and men (r² = 0.14, p = 0.02). The sex difference in performance decreased over time from 24.3% to 11.5% (r² = 0.39, p < 0.01). For the split disciplines, the time performance in cycling on day 1 (r² = 0.20, p < 0.01) and day 2 decreased significantly for men (r² = 0.41, p < 0.01) but for women only on day 2 (r² = 0.45, p < 0.01). Split times showed no changes in swimming and running. The age of the annual winners increased from 28 to 47 years for men (r² = 0.35, p < 0.01) while it remained stable at 32 ± 6 years for women (r² < 0.01, p > 0.05). The age of the annual top three finishers increased from 33 ± 6 years to 48 ± 3 years for men (p < 0.01) and from 29 ± 7 years to 49 ± 2 years for women (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Both the annual top three women and men improved performance in Ultraman Hawaii during the 1983–2012 period although the age of the annual top three women and men increased. The sex-related difference in performance decreased over time to reach approximately 12% similar to the reports of other endurance and ultra-endurance events. Further investigations are required to better understand the limiting factors of the multi-activities ultra-endurance events taking place over several days.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Meili et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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