Visualisation of cerebrospinal fluid flow patterns in albino Xenopus larvae in vivo

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

Ryuji Toyoizumi¹  Susumu Izumi¹  Takeshi Adachi¹  Kazue Mogi¹ 

[1] Department of Biological Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya 2946, Hiratsuka city 259-1293, Japan

关键词: Polystyrene beads;    Qdot nanocrystals;    Visualisation;    Albino larva;    Xenopus laevis;    Brain ventricle;    Left-right asymmetry;    Dorso-ventral asymmetry;    CSF flow;   

Others  :  807291
DOI  :  10.1186/2045-8118-9-9

 received in 2011-12-27, accepted in 2012-04-25,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

It has long been known that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), its composition and flow, play an important part in normal brain development, and ependymal cell ciliary beating as a possible driver of CSF flow has previously been studied in mammalian fetuses in vitro. Lower vertebrate animals are potential models for analysis of CSF flow during development because they are oviparous. Albino Xenopus laevis larvae are nearly transparent and have a straight, translucent brain that facilitates the observation of fluid flow within the ventricles. The aim of these experiments was to study CSF flow and circulation in vivo in the developing brain of living embryos, larvae and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis using a microinjection technique.

Methods

The development of Xenopus larval brain ventricles and the patterns of CSF flow were visualised after injection of quantum dot nanocrystals and polystyrene beads (3.1 or 5.8 μm in diameter) into the fourth cerebral ventricle at embryonic/larval stages 30-53.

Results

The fluorescent nanocrystals showed the normal development of the cerebral ventricles from embryonic/larval stages 38 to 53. The polystyrene beads injected into stage 47-49 larvae revealed three CSF flow patterns, left-handed, right-handed and non-biased, in movement of the beads into the third ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius). In the lateral ventricles, anterior to the third ventricle, CSF flow moved anteriorly along the outer wall of the ventricle to the inner wall and then posteriorly, creating a semicircle. In the cerebral aqueduct, connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles, CSF flow moved rostrally in the dorsal region and caudally in the ventral region. Also in the fourth ventricle, clear dorso-ventral differences in fluid flow pattern were observed.

Conclusions

This is the first visualisation of the orchestrated CSF flow pattern in developing vertebrates using a live animal imaging approach. CSF flow in Xenopus albino larvae showed a largely consistent pattern, with the exception of individual differences in left-right asymmetrical flow in the third ventricle.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Mogi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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