Risk factors for breast cancer in a population with high incidence rates

Breast Cancer Research

Mary Gould²  Marisa Suzuki¹  Linda Spence⁵  Virginia Souders-Mason⁵  Charles P Quesenberry³  Roni Peskin-Mentzer⁵  Michelle Moghadassi¹  Marion Lee¹  Christine A Erdmann⁶  Christina Clarke⁴  Flavia Belli⁵  Janice Barlow⁵  Georgianna Farren⁵  Terri Chew¹  Margaret Wrensch¹ 

[1] University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;Deceased;Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA;Northern California Cancer Center, Union City, California, USA;Marin Breast Cancer Watch, San Rafael, California, USA;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA

关键词: risk factors;    epidemiology;    case-control study;    breast neoplasms;   

Others  :  1118803
DOI  :  10.1186/bcr605

 received in 2002-12-19, accepted in 2003-04-07,  发布年份 2003

【 摘 要 】

Background

This report examines generally recognized breast cancer risk factors and years of residence in Marin County, California, an area with high breast cancer incidence and mortality rates.

Methods

Eligible women who were residents of Marin County diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997–99 and women without breast cancer obtained through random digit dialing, frequency-matched by cases' age at diagnosis and ethnicity, participated in either full in-person or abbreviated telephone interviews.

Results

In multivariate analyses, 285 cases were statistically significantly more likely than 286 controls to report being premenopausal, never to have used birth control pills, a lower highest lifetime body mass index, four or more mammograms in 1990–94, beginning drinking after the age of 21, on average drinking two or more drinks per day, the highest quartile of pack-years of cigarette smoking and having been raised in an organized religion. Cases and controls did not significantly differ with regard to having a first-degree relative with breast cancer, a history of benign breast biopsy, previous radiation treatment, age at menarche, parity, use of hormone replacement therapy, age of first living in Marin County, or total years lived in Marin County. Results for several factors differed for women aged under 50 years or 50 years and over.

Conclusions

Despite similar distributions of several known breast cancer risk factors, case-control differences in alcohol consumption suggest that risk in this high-risk population might be modifiable. Intensive study of this or other areas of similarly high incidence might reveal other important risk factors proximate to diagnosis.

【 授权许可】

   
2003 Wrensch et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]West D, Glaser S, Prehn A: Status of Breast Cancer Research in the San Francisco Bay Area. Union City: Northern California Cancer Center. 1998.
• [2]Clarke CA, Glaser SL, West DW, Ereman RR, Erdmann CA, Barlow JM, Wrensch M: Breast Cancer incidence and mortality trends in an affluent population: Marin County, California, USA, 1990–1999. Breast Cancer Res 2002, 4:R13. BioMed Central Full Text
• [3]Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, Hildesheim A, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu-Williams AH, Kolonel LN, Horn-Ross PL, Rosenthal JF: Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993, 85:1819-1827.
• [4]Kelsey JL, Horn-Ross PL: Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1993, 15:7-16.
• [5]Kelsey JL: Breast cancer epidemiology: summary and future directions. Epidemiol Rev 1993, 15:256-263.
• [6]Henderson BE, Pike MC, Bernstein L, Ross RK: Breast cancer. In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Edited by Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996:1022-1039.
• [7]Robbins AS, Brescianini S, Kelsey JL: Regional differences in known risk factors and the higher incidence of breast cancer in San Francisco. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:960-965.
• [8]Sturgeon SR, Schairer C, Gail M, McAdams M, Brinton LA, Hoover RN: Geographic variation in mortality from breast cancer among white women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87:1846-1853.
• [9]Maskarinec G, Wilkens L, Meng L: Mammography screening and the increase in breast cancer incidence in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997, 6:201-208.
• [10]Prehn AW, West DW: Evaluating local differences in breast cancer incidence rates: a census-based methodology (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998, 9:511-517.
• [11]NCCC: Breast cancer incidence in Marin County: relationship to known risk factors. Northern California Cancer Center Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry Report 1997, 7:1-6.
• [12]Kelsey JL, Bernstein L: Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1996, 17:47-67.
• [13]Waksberg J: Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Statist Assoc 1978, 73:40-46.
• [14]Harlow BL, Davis S: Two one-step methods for household screening and interviewing using random digit dialing. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 127:857-863.
• [15]Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ, Pennello GA, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF: Atlas of cancer mortality in the United States, 1950–94. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute;. 1999.
• [16]Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, Folger SG, Mandel MG, Daling JR, Bernstein L, Malone KE, Ursin G, Strom BL, Norman SA, Wingo PA, Burkman RT, Berlin JA, Simon MS, Spirtas R, Weiss LK: Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:2025-2032.
• [17]Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG: Residential magnetic fields and the risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 155:446-454.
• [18]Marin County Department of Health and Human Services: [http://199.88.77.93/depts/HH/main/epi/map.cfm] webcite
• [19]Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer: Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002, 360:187-195.
• [20]Lipworth L, Bailey LR, Trichopoulos D: History of breast-feeding in relation to breast cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:302-312.
• [21]Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM: Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993, 15:36-47.
• [22]Pathak DR, Osuch JR, He J: Breast carcinoma etiology: current knowledge and new insights into the effects of reproductive and hormonal risk factors in black and white populations. Cancer 2000, 88:1230-1238.
• [23]Bernstein L, Allen M, Anton-Culver H, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Sullivan-Halley J, West DW, Wright W, Ziogas A, Ross RK: High breast cancer incidence rates among California teachers: results from the California Teachers Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002, 13:625-635.
• [24]Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer: Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception 1996, 54:1S-106S.
• [25]Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer: Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997, 350:1047-1059.
• [26]Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy post-menopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288:321-333.
• [27]Hunter DJ, Willett WC: Diet, body size, and breast cancer. Epi-demiol Rev 1993, 15:110-132.
• [28]Brinton LA, Swanson CA: Height and weight at various ages and risk of breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 1992, 2:597-609.
• [29]Stoll BA: Teenage obesity in relation to breast cancer risk. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998, 22:1035-1040.
• [30]Cleary MP, Maihle NJ: The role of body mass index in the relative risk of developing premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast cancer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997, 216:28-43.
• [31]Huang Z, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC: Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA 1997, 278:1407-1411.
• [32]Bowlin SJ, Leske MC, Varma A, Nasca P, Weinstein A, Caplan L: Breast cancer risk and alcohol consumption: results from a large case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26:915-923.
• [33]Singletary KW: Alcohol and breast cancer: interactions between alcohol and other risk factors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996, 20:57A-61A.
• [34]Horn-Ross PL, Hoggatt KJ, West DW, Krone MR, Stewart SL, Anton H, Bernstei CL, Deapen D, Peel D, Pinder R, Reynolds P, Ross RK, Wright W, Ziogas A: Recent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study (USA). Cancer Causes Control 2002, 13:407-415.
• [35]Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG: Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001, 93:1557-1562.
• [36]Gammon MD, Santella RM, Neugut AI, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Paykin A, Levin B, Terry MB, Young TL, Wang LW, Wang Q, Britton JA, Wolff MS, Stellman SD, Hatch M, Kabat GC, Senie R, Garbowski G, Maffeo C, Montalvan P, Berkowitz G, Kemeny M, Citron M, Schnabel F, Schuss A, Hajdu S, Vinceguerra V: Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. I. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:677-685.
• [37]Richardson A: Is breast cancer caused by late exposure to a common virus? Med Hypotheses 1997, 48:491-497.