Estimation of endogenous protein and amino acid ileal losses in weaned piglets by regression analysis using diets with graded levels of casein

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Gerardo Mariscal-Landín²  Araceli Aguilera Barreyro¹  Tércia Cesária Reis de Souza¹ 

[1] Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias s/n Juriquilla 76000, Querétaro, Querétaro, México;Centro Nacional de Investigación en Fisiología Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 1, Carretera a Colón, Ajuchitlán Colón Querétaro, 76280, México

关键词: Weaned piglets;    Protein loss;    Ileal digestibility;    Amino acid loss;   

Others  :  805170
DOI  :  10.1186/2049-1891-4-36

 received in 2013-04-23, accepted in 2013-09-12,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Many studies have investigated endogenous loss of proteins and amino acids (AAs) at the ileal level in growing pigs. However, only a few studies have researched this subject in piglets. Knowledge regarding AA ileal digestibility in piglets would be helpful during the formulation of diets for weaning piglets, rather than just using coefficients obtained in growing pigs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate endogenous protein and AA ileal losses in piglets. Furthermore, apparent and true ileal digestibility (AID and TID) of protein and AAs from casein were measured.

Results

The average flow of protein was 20.8 g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI). Basal protein loss, as estimated by regression, was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid (2.2, 1.4, and 1.2 g/kg DMI, respectively) were the AAs for which greater losses were seen. The AID of protein and AAs increased as the protein level in the diet increased. A higher increment in AID was observed between diets with 80 and160 g CP/kg of feed; this finding was mainly attributable to increases in glycine and arginine (46.1% and 18%, respectively). The TID of protein was 97.8, and the TID of AAs varied from 93.9 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.

Conclusions

The basal endogenous protein loss in piglets was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Endogenous protein was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, which represented 32.7% of endogenous protein loss in weaning piglets. The TID of casein was high and varied from 93.0 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Reis de Souza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Mariscal-Landín G, Sève B, Collèaux Y, LeBreton Y: Endogenous amino nitrogen collected from pigs with end to end ileorectal anastomosis is affected by the method of estimation and altered by dietary fiber. J Nutr 1995, 125:136-146.
• [2]Furuya S, Kaji Y: Estimation of the true ileal digestibility of amino acids and nitrogen from their apparent values for growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1989, 26:271-285.
• [3]Hodgkinson SM, Souffrant WB, Moughan PJ: Comparison of the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein, guanidination, and isotope dilution methods for determining ileal endogenous protein flow in the growing rat and pig. J Anim Sci 2003, 81:2525-2534.
• [4]Eklund M, Mosenthin R, Piepho HP, Rademacher M: Estimates of the basal ileal endogenous losses of amino acids by regression analysis and determination of standardised ileal amino acids digestibilities from casein in newly weaned piglets. J Sci Food Agric 2008, 88:641-651.
• [5]Eklund M, Mosenthin R, Piepho HP, Rademacher M: Effect of dietary protein crude level on basal ileal endogenous losses and standardized ileal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids in newly weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2008, 92:578-590.
• [6]Mariscal-Landín G, Reis de Souza TC: Endogenous ileal losses of nitrogen and amino acids in pigs and piglets fed graded levels of casein. Arch Anim Nutr 2006, 60:454-466.
• [7]Apolônio LR, Donzele JL, de Oliveira RFM, Silva FCO, Lopes DC, Freitas LS: Digestibilidade ileal de aminoácidos de alimentos utilizados em dietas pré-iniciais para leitões, determinada pelo método do sacrificio. R Bras Zootec 2002, 31:1983-1998.
• [8]de Lange CFM, Sauer WC, Souffrant WB: The effect of protein status of the pig on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein in digesta collected from the distal ileum. J Anim Sci 1989, 67:755-762.
• [9]Hodgkinson SM, Moughan PJ, Reynolds GW: Effect of the duration of feeding of a protein-free diet on endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid loss in the growing pig. J Sci Food Agric 2000, 80:1407-1412.
• [10]Mariscal-Landín G, Reis de Souza TC, Parra SJE, Aguilera BA, Mar BB: Ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids from canola meal in weaned piglets and growing pigs. Livest Sci 2008, 116:53-62.
• [11]Mariscal-Landín G, Reis de Souza TC, Ávalos MA: Ileal amino acids digestibility of sorghum in weaned piglets and growing pigs. Animal 2010, 4:1341-1348.
• [12]Diario Oficial de la Federación: Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. México D.F: Diario Oficial de la Federación; 2001. [Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-062-ZOO-1999]
• [13]International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals 1985,  . The development of science-based guidelines for laboratory animal care - NCBI Bookshelf. [http://cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/1985_texts_of_guidelines.htm webcite]
• [14]Reis de Souza TC, Mar BB, Mariscal LG: Canulación de cerdos posdestete para pruebas de digestibilidad ileal: Desarrollo de una metodología. Téc Pecu Méx 2000, 38:143-150.
• [15]NRC: Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th edition. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press; 1998.
• [16]INRA: L’alimentation des animaux monogastriques: porc, lapin, volailles. Paris, France: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; 1984.
• [17]AOAC: Official methods of analysis. 17th edition. Arlington, VA: Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem.; 2000.
• [18]Fenton TW, Fenton M: An improved procedure for determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces. Can J Anim Sci 1979, 59:631-634.
• [19]Henderson JH, Ricker RD, Bidlingmeyer BA, Woodward C: Rapid, accurate and reproducible HPLC analysis of amino acids. Amino acid analysis using Zorbax Eclipse AAA columns and the Agilent 1100 HPLC. USA: Agilent technologies; 2000. Part No5980-1193E 2000:10 pag. Agilent Technologies home page at: http://www.agilent.com/chem/supplies webcite
• [20]Fan MZ, Sauer WC: Determination of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in barley and canola meal for pigs with the direct, difference, and regression methods. J Anim Sci 1995, 73:2364-2374.
• [21]Chung TK, Baker DH: Apparent and true amino acid digestibility of a crystalline amino acid mixture and of casein: comparison of values obtained with ileal-cannulated pigs and cecectomized cockerels. J Anim Sci 1992, 70:3781-3790.
• [22]Urbaityte R, Mosenthin R, Eklund M, Piepho HP, Rademacher M: Determination of standardized ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in protein supplements for piglets. Animal 2009, 3:1696-1705.
• [23]SAS version 9.2: Book statistical analysis systems institute User’s guide. 9.2nd edition. SAS Institute Inc; 2008.
• [24]Steel RGD, Torrie JH: Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980.
• [25]Wu G, Davis PK, Flynn NE, Knabe DA, Davidson T: Endogenous synthesis of arginine plays an important role in maintaining arginine homeostasis in postweaning growing pigs. J Nutr 1997, 127:2342-2349.
• [26]Dekaney CM, Wu G, Jaeger LA: Ornithine aminotransferase messenger RNA expresion and enzymatic activity in fetal porcine intestine. Pediatr Res 2001, 50:104-109.
• [27]Bertolo RFP, Brunton JA, Pencharz PB, Ball RO: Arginine, ornithine, and proline interconversion is dependent on small intestinal metabolism in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 284:E915-E922.
• [28]Stein HH, Trottier NL, Bellaver C, Easter RA: The effect of feeding level and physiological status on total flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the distal ileum in swine. J Anim Sci 1999, 77:1180-1187.
• [29]Leibholz J: The flow of endogenous nitrogen in the digestive tract of young pigs. Br J Nutr 1982, 48:509-517.
• [30]Darragh AJ, Moughan PJ: The amino acid composition of human milk corrected for amino acid digestibility. Br J Nutr 1998, 80:25-34.
• [31]Juste C: Apports endogènes par les secretions digestives chez le porc. In Les Colloques de l’INRA. Edited by Laplace JP, Corring T, Rérat A. Paris: INRA; 1982:155-173.
• [32]Nyachoti CM, de Lange CFM, McBride BW, Schulze H: Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: a review. Can J Anim Sci 1997, 77:149-163.
• [33]Wu G, Bazer FW, Davis TA, Jaeger LA, Johnson GA, Kim SW, Knabe DA, Meininger CJ, Spencer TE, Yin Y-L: Important roles for the arginine family of amino acids in swine nutrition and production. Livest Sci 2007, 112:8-22.
• [34]Jørgensen H, Gabert VM: The ileal digestion of semipurified diets containing increasing levels of casein and the use of the regression method to estimate the endogenous flow of amino acids at the distal ileum of growing pigs. In Digestive physiology in pigs. Edited by Lindberg JE, Ogle B. New York: CABI publishing; 2001:198-201.
• [35]Valette P, Malouin H, Corring T, Savoie L, Gueugneau AM, Berot S: Effects of diets containing casein and rapeseed on enzyme secretion from the exocrine pancreas in the pig. Br J Nutr 1992, 67:215-222.