Journal of Environmental Health Science Engineering | |
Spatiality, seasonality and ecological risks of heavy metals in the vicinity of a degenerate municipal central dumpsite in Enugu, Nigeria | |
Chidozie C Nnaji1  Joel Ademiluyi1  Kanayochukwu C Ajah1  | |
[1] Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria | |
关键词: Pollution; Rainfall; Health; Solid waste; Heavy metals; | |
Others : 1161198 DOI : 10.1186/s40201-015-0168-0 |
|
received in 2014-05-19, accepted in 2015-02-14, 发布年份 2015 | |
【 摘 要 】
Background
Improper waste disposal is responsible for the contamination of both surface and ground water resources. Heavy metals leached from improperly disposed solid waste constitute grave environmental and health hazards because of their toxic and persistent nature. There are thousands of open dumps in Nigeria one of which is the Enugu State Waste Management Authority dumpsite.
Method
Forty sampling nodes were systematically established around the Enugu State waste Management Authority central dumpsite located at Ugwuaji, Enugu State, Nigeria. Ten heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc) were sampled at different depths of each node in both rainy and dry seasons.
Result
Iron and lead were the predominant metals in the vicinity of the waste dump with average values of 132.10 mg/kg and 117.52 mg/kg respectively. The order of abundance of the ten heavy metals monitored is Pb > Fe > As > Zn > Cu > Co > Ni > Cd > Cr > Mn. Generally, there was significant correlation (0.25 to 0.74) among all the metals except between cobalt and manganese in the rainy season. In the dry season, all the metals were significantly correlated (0.29 to 0.813) except for copper and lead, copper and arsenic, zinc and arsenic, and cobalt and manganese. The concentrations of most of the heavy metals approached a constant level at a depth of 1 m. On the other hand, the concentrations of arsenic, cobalt and iron continued to decrease even at a depth of 2 m. The pollution loading index values for the soil are 1.706 for rainy season and 2.54 for dry season.
Conclusion
The high pollution loading index represents a significant level of deterioration. It can be concluded that the dumpsite constitute a serious environmental and health hazard.
【 授权许可】
2015 Ajah et al.; licensee BioMed Central.
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
---|---|---|---|
20150412092204491.pdf | 2845KB | download | |
Figure 4. | 36KB | Image | download |
Figure 7. | 35KB | Image | download |
Figure 6. | 26KB | Image | download |
Figure 5. | 126KB | Image | download |
Figure 4. | 149KB | Image | download |
Figure 3. | 26KB | Image | download |
Figure 2. | 117KB | Image | download |
Figure 1. | 80KB | Image | download |
【 图 表 】
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 4.
【 参考文献 】
- [1]Mnolawa KB, Likuku AS, Gaboutloeloe GK: Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soils along major roadside areas of Botswana. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2011, 5(3):186-96.
- [2]Wei B, Jiang F: Heavy metals induced ecological risk in the City of Urumqi, NW China. Environ Monit Assess 2010, 160:33-45.
- [3]Baba AA, Adekola FA, Lawal A: Trace metals concentration in roadside dust of Ilorin Town. Centrepoint (Science Edition) 2009, 16:57-64.
- [4]Abdel-Latif NM, Saleh IA: Heavy metals contamination in roadside dust along major roads and correlation with urbanization activities in Cairo, Egypt. J Am Sci 2012, 8(6):379-89.
- [5]Salmamanzadeh M, Saeedi M, Nabibidhendi G: Heavy metals pollution in street dusts of Tehran and their ecological risk. J Environ Stud 2012, 38(61):4-6.
- [6]Dinev N, Banov M, Nikova I: Monitoring and risk assessment of contaminated soils. Gen Appl Plant Physiol 2008, 34(3–4):389-96.
- [7]Wei B, Yang L: A review of heavy metal contamination in urban soils, urban road dust and agricultural soils from China. Michrochem J 2010, 94:99-107.
- [8]Qiu H: Studies on the potential ecological risk and homology correlation of heavy metals in the soil surface. J Agr Sci 2010, 2(2):194-201.
- [9]Amuno SA: Potential ecological risk of heavy metal distribution in cemetary soils. Water Air Soil Poll 2013, 224(2):1-12.
- [10]Adelekan BA, Alawode AO: Contribution of municipal refuse dumps to heavy metal concentration in soil profile and groundwater in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Appl Biosci 2001, 40:2727-37.
- [11]Iwegbue CMA, Egbozue FE, Opuene K: Preliminary assessment of heavy metals levels of soils of an oilfield in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2006, 3(2):167-72.
- [12]Li F, Huang J, Zeng G, Yuan X, Li X, Liang J, et al.: Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from Dongting Lake, Middle China. J Geochem Explor 2013, 132:75-83.
- [13]Ward ML, Bitton G, Townsend T: Heavy metal binding capacity (HMBC) of municipal soild waste landfill leachate. Chemosphere 2005, 60:206-15.
- [14]Kurt-Karakus PB: Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: estimation of the health risk. Environ Int 2012, 50:47-55.
- [15]Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ: Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Mol Clin Environ Toxicol Exp Supplementum 2012, 101:133-64.
- [16]Odai SN, Mensah E, Sipitey D, Ryo S, Awuah E: Heavy metals uptake by vegetables cultivated on urban waste dumpsites: a case study of Kumasi, Ghana. Res J Environ Toxicol 2008, 2:92-9.
- [17]Khana MU, Malika RN, Muhammad S, Ullah F, Qadird A: Health risk assessment of consumption of heavy metals in market food crops from Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts, Pakistan. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2015, 21(2):327-37.
- [18]Magaji JY: Effects of waste dump on the quality of plants cultivated around Mpape dumpsite FCT Abuja, Nigeria. Ethiopian J Environ Stud Manage 2012, 5(4):567-73.
- [19]Liao X, Chen T, Xie H, Liu Y: Soil As contamination and its risk assessment in the areas near the industrial districts of Chenzhou City, Southern China. Environ Int 2005, 31:791-8.
- [20]Mahmood A, Malik RN: Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian J Chem 2014, 7:91-9.
- [21]Jarup L: Hazards of heavy metal contamination. B Med Bull 2003, 68(1):167-82.
- [22]Ogbuene EB: Impact of temperature and rainfall disparity on human comfort index in Enugu urban environment, Enugu State, Nigeria. J Environ Issues Agric Dev Ctries 2012, 4(1):92-103.
- [23]Enete IC, Alabi MO: Characteristics of urban heat island in Enugu during rainy season. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manage 2012, 5(4):391-6.
- [24]Simpson A: The geology of parts of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Bull Geol Survey Nigeria 1954, 24:1-85.
- [25]Reymont RA: Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan; 1965.
- [26]Aguwa IJ: Study of compressive strengths of laterite-cement mixes as a building material. AU JT 2009, 13(2):114-20.
- [27]Hani A: Spatial distribution and risk assessment of As, Hg, Co and Cr in Kaveh Industrial City, using geostatistic and GIS. Int J Environ Earth Sci 2010, 1(1):38-43.
- [28]Grzebisz W, Ciesla L, Komisarek J, Potarzycki J: Geochemical assessment of heavy metals pollution of urban soils. Pol J Eviron Stud 2002, 11(5):493-9.
- [29]Rout S, Kumar A, Sarkar PK, Mishra MK, Ravi PM: Application of chemometric methods for assessment of heavy metal pollution and source apportionment in Riparian zone soil of Ulhas River estuary India. Int J Environ Sci 2013, 3(5):1485-96.
- [30]Hakanson L: An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control—a sediment ecological approach. Water Res 1980, 14:975-1001.
- [31]Yan X, Gao D, Zhang F, Zeng C, Xiang W, Zhang M: Relationship between heavy metal contamination in roadside topsoil and distance to road edge based on field observation in Qingbai-Tibet Plateau, China. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2013, 10(3):762-75.
- [32]Department of Petroleum Resources: Environmental guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria, Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Lagos. 1991.
- [33]Yanai J, Yamada K, Yamada H, Nagano Y, Kosaki T: Risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated soils with reference to ageing effect. Pedologist 2011, 54:278-84.
- [34]Hobbelen PHF, Koolhas JE, van Gestel CAM: Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution for detritivores in flood plain soils in Biesboch, the Netherlands, taking bioavailability into account. Environ Pollut 2004, 129:409-19.
- [35]Krishna AK, Govil PK: Soil contamination due to heavy metal leaching from and industrial area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India. Environ Monit Assess 2007, 124:263-75.
- [36]Omran SE, El-Razeek A: Mapping and screening risk assessment of heavy metals concentrations in soils of Bahr El-baker region Egypt. J Soil Sci Environ Manage 2012, 6(7):182-95.
- [37]Bora PK, Chetry S, Sharma DK, Saikia PM: Distribution pattern of some heavy metals in the soils of Silghat region of Assam (India), influenced by jute mill soild waste. J Chem 2013, 2013:1-7.
- [38]Li Y, Wang Y, Gou X, Su Y, Wang G: Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China. J Environ Sci 2006, 18:1124-34.
- [39]Akpoveta OU, Osakwe SA, Okoh BE, Otuya BO: Physicochemical characteristics of some heavy metals in soils around metal scrap dumps in some parts of Delta State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Envi Manage 2010, 14(4):57-60.
- [40]Zhang XY, Lin FF, Wong MTF, Feng L, Wang K: Identification of heavy metal sources from anthroopgenic activities and pollution assessment of Fayang County, China. Environ Monit Assess 2009, 154:439-49.
- [41]Sun Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, Liu R: Spatial sources and risk assessment of heavy metals contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, china. J Hazard Mater 2010, 174:455-62.
- [42]Tangahu BV, Abdullah SRS, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M: A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through Phytoremediation. Int J Chem Eng 2011, 2011:1-31. doi:10.1155/2011/939161
- [43]Mench M, Didier V, Löffler M, Gomez A, Masson P: A mimicked in-situ remediation study of metal-contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. J Environ Qual 1994, 23:58-63.
- [44]Ogbuene EB, Igwebuike EH, Agusiegbe UM: The impact of open solid waste dump sites on soil quality: a case study of Ugwuaji in Enugu. Br J Adv Acad Res 2013, 2(1):43-53.
- [45]Lăcătuşu R, Răuţă C, Cârstea S, Ghelase I: Soil-plant-man relationships in heavy metal polluted areas in Romania. Appl Geochem 1996, 11(1–2):105-7.
- [46]Chang CY, Yu HY, Chen JJ, Li FB, Zhang HH, Liu CP: Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Monit Assess 2014, 186(3):1547-60.
- [47]Majid NM, Islam MM, Riasmi Y: Heavy metal uptake and translocation by Jatropha curcas L. in sawdust sludge contaminated soils. Aust J Crop Sci 2012, 6(5):891-8.
- [48]Fadiran AO, Ababu TT, Mtshali JS: Assessment of mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge from Swaziland through speciation analysis. Am J Environ Protect 2014, 3(4):198-208.
- [49]Etim EU, Adie GU: Assessment of toxic heavy metal loading in topsoil samples within the vicinity of a limestone quarry in South Western Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2012, 6(8):322-30.
- [50]Shaheen SM, Derbalah AS, Moghanm FS: Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by zeolite in competitive sorption system. Int J Environ Sci Dev 2012, 3(4):362-7.
- [51]Hu Y, Liu X, Bai J, Shih K, Zeng EY, Cheng H: Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2013, 20:6150-9.
- [52]Amadi AN, Olasehinde P, Okosun EA, Okoye NO, Okunlola IA, Alkali YB, et al.: A comparative study on the impact of avu and ihie dumpsites on soil quality in Southeastern Nigeria. Am J Chem 2012, 2(1):17-23.
- [53]Kale Y, Olarewaju I, Usoro A, Ilori E, Ogbonna N, Ramanandraibe N, et al.: Global adult tobacco survey: country report 2012. Federal Minisrty of Health, Abuja; 2012.
- [54]Lazarević K, Nikolić D, Stošić L, Milutinović S, Videnović J, Bogdanović D: Determination of lead and arsenic in tobacco and cigarettes: an important issue of public health. Cent Eur J Public Health 2012, 20(1):62-6.
- [55]Nnorom IC, Osibanjo O, Oji-Nnorom CG: Cadmium determination in cigarettes available in Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 2005, 4(10):1128-32.
- [56]Jung MC, Thornton I, Chon HT: Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in cigarettes produced in Korea and the United Kingdom. Environ Technol 1998, 23(2):237-41.