Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs--a longitudinal study

BMC Veterinary Research

Ulrika Grönlund Andersson⁴  Gunilla Trowald-Wigh²  Mona Fredriksson²  Liselotte Fernström²  Agneta Egenvall³  Bodil Ström Holst³  Elin Reimegård¹  Ulrika Windahl⁴ 

[1] Södra djursjukhuset, Månskärsvägen 13, 141 75 Kungens kurva, Sweden;Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7009, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden

关键词: Bacterial infection;    Carriage;    Dog;    Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius;    MRSP;   

Others  :  1119853
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-6148-8-34

 received in 2011-09-06, accepted in 2012-03-23,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius strains (MRSP) are reported with increasing frequency in bacterial cultures from dogs. The objectives of this study were to determine whether MRSP could be found in dogs several months after a clinically apparent infection and whether the length of carriage varied depending on systemic antimicrobial treatment, diagnosis at time of the first positive MRSP culture and the presence of skin disease or wounds. Thirty-one dogs previously diagnosed with a clinical infection were sampled repeatedly for a minimum of eight months or, with the exception of two dogs, until two consecutive negative results were obtained. Five specified locations were sampled, and the results were evaluated to determine future recommendations concerning sample strategies when screening for MRSP carriage. Information was collected from medical records and questionnaires to evaluate factors that may influence length of carriage.

Results

The overall median length of MRSP carriage was 11 months (48 weeks). The presence of wounds and signs of dermatitis did not influence length of carriage. Systemic treatment for three weeks or longer with antimicrobial agents to which the bacterium was resistant was associated with prolonged carriage compared to dogs treated for a shorter period of time. Three of five dogs treated with an antimicrobial to which their MRSP-isolates were susceptible (tetracycline) were found to still be MRSP-positive when sampled after the end of treatment. Wound samples had the highest positive MRSP yield (81%) for the positive sample sites, compared to less than 70% for each of the other four sample sites. Cultures from the nostrils were less likely to detect MRSP carriage relative to the pharynx, perineum, wounds and the corner of the mouth.

Conclusions

Dogs can carry MRSP for more than a year after a clinically apparent infection. Systemic antimicrobial treatment of infections with antimicrobial agents to which the MRSP-bacteria are resistant should be avoided when possible in dogs with possible or confirmed MRSP carriage or infection, since it may prolong time of MRSP carriage. Simultaneous sampling of pharynx, perineum, and the corner of the mouth as well as wounds when present is recommended when screening for MRSP. Cultures from nostrils were shown to be less likely to detect MRSP carriage.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Windahl et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Cox HU, Newman SS, Roy AF, Hoskins JD: Species of Staphylococcu isolated from animal infections. Cornell Vet 1984, 74(2):124-135.
• [2]Muller GH: Bacterial skin diseases. In Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Diseases. 6th edition. Philadelphia: PA: W.B. Saunders; 2001.
• [3]Devriese LA, Vancanneyt M, Baele M, Vaneechoutte M, De Graef E, Snauwaert C, Cleenwerck I, Dawyndt P, Swings J, Decostere A, et al.: Staphylococcus pseudintermediu sp. nov., a coagulase-positive species from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005, 55(Pt 4):1569-1573.
• [4]Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K: Reclassification of phenotypically identified Staphylococcus intermediu strains. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45(9):2770-2778.
• [5]Bannoehr J, Ben Zakour NL, Waller AS, Guardabassi L, Thoday KL, van den Broek AH, Fitzgerald JR: Population genetic structure of the Staphylococcus intermediu group: insights into agr diversification and the emergence of methicillin-resistant strains. J Bacteriol 2007, 189(23):8685-8692.
• [6]Black CC, Solyman SM, Eberlein LC, Bemis DA, Woron AM, Kania SA: Identification of a predominant multilocus sequence type, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis cluster, and novel staphylococcal chromosomal cassette in clinical isolates of meA-containing, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Vet Microbiol 2009, 139(3-4):333-338.
• [7]Perreten V, Kadlec K, Schwarz S, Gronlund Andersson U, Finn M, Greko C, Moodley A, Kania SA, Frank LA, Bemis DA, et al.: Clonal spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Europe and North America: an international multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65(6):1145-1154.
• [8]Ruscher C, Lubke-Becker A, Semmler T, Wleklinski CG, Paasch A, Soba A, Stamm I, Kopp P, Wieler LH, Walther B: Widespread rapid emergence of a distinct methicillin- and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) genetic lineage in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2010, 144(3-4):340-346.
• [9]Weese JS, van Duijkeren E: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2010, 140(3-4):418-429.
• [10]Chambers HF: Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997, 10(4):781-791.
• [11]SVARM: Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring 2008: [http://www.sva.se] webciteThe National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Uppsala, Sweden; 2009. ISSN 1650-6332
• [12]Busscher JF, van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM: The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 2006, 113(1-2):131-136.
• [13]van Duijkeren E, Houwers DJ, Schoormans A, Broekhuizen-Stins MJ, Ikawaty R, Fluit AC, Wagenaar JA: Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus intermedius between humans and animals. Vet Microbiol 2008, 128(1-2):213-215.
• [14]Bemis D, Jones R, Frank L, Kania S: Evaluation of susceptibility test breakpoints used to predict mecA-mediated resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009, 21(1):53-58.
• [15]Schissler JR, Hillier A, Daniels JB, Cole LK, Gebreyes WA: Evaluation of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive criteria for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009, 21(5):684-688.
• [16]CLSI: Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibilility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically. Approved Standard-Eighth edition edition. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009. CLSI Document M07-A8
• [17]CLSI: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, 3rd edition, 28(8), Approved standard M31-A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008.
• [18]CLSI: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S19. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009.
• [19]European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing [http:/ / www.eucast.org/ fileadmin/ src/ media/ PDFs/ EUCAST_files/ Disk_test_documents/ EUCAST_breakpoints_v1.3_pdf.pdf] webcite
• [20]Capurro A, Artursson K, Waller KP, Bengtsson B, Ericsson-Unnerstad H, Aspan A: Comparison of a commercialized phenotyping system, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and tuf gene sequence-based genotyping for species-level identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2009, 134(3-4):327-333.
• [21]Baron F, Cochet MF, Pellerin JL, Ben Zakour N, Lebon A, Navarro A, Proudy I, Le Loir Y, Gautier M: Development of a PCR test to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius. J Food Prot 2004, 67(10):2302-2305.
• [22]Strommenger B, Kettlitz C, Werner G, Witte W: Multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of nine clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41(9):4089-4094.
• [23]Devriese LA, Hermans K, Baele M, Haesebrouck F: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius versus Staphylococcus intermedius. Vet Microbiol 2009, 133(1-2):206-207.
• [24]van Duijkeren E, Kamphuis M, van der Mije IC, Laarhoven LM, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, Houwers DJ: Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius between infected dogs and cats and contact pets, humans and the environment in households and veterinary clinics. Vet Microbiol 2011, 150(3-4):338-343.
• [25]Bannoehr J, Franco A, Iurescia M, Battisti A, Fitzgerald JR: Molecular diagnostic identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47(2):469-471.
• [26]Murchan S, Kaufmann ME, Deplano A, de Ryck R, Struelens M, Zinn CE, Fussing V, Salmenlinna S, Vuopio-Varkila J, El Solh N, et al.: Harmonization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for epidemiological typing of strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a single approach developed by consensus in 10 European laboratories and its application for tracing the spread of related strains. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41(4):1574-1585.
• [27]Sasaki T, Kikuchi K, Tanaka Y, Takahashi N, Kamata S, Hiramatsu K: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45(4):1118-1125.
• [28]Kadlec K, van Duijkeren E, Wagenaar JA, Schwarz S: Molecular basis of rifampicin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(6):1236-1242.
• [29]Graffunder EM, Venezia RA: Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 49(6):999-1005.
• [30]Gorwitz RJ: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(10):925-926.
• [31]Higaki S, Morohashi M, Yamagishi T, Hasegawa Y: Comparative study of staphylococci from the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and from healthy subjects. Int J Dermatol 1999, 38(4):265-269.
• [32]Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, Hao F, Zeng FQ, Bi ZG, Yi D, Zhao B: Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2006, 155(4):680-687.
• [33]Lloyd DH, Allaker RP, Pattinson A: Carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius on the ventral abdomen of clinically normal dogs and those with pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 1991, 2:161-164.
• [34]Harvey RG, Noble W: Aspects of nasal, oropharyngeal and anal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius in normal dogs and dogs with pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 1998, 9:99-104.
• [35]Saijonmaa-Koulumies LE, Lloyd DH: Carriage of bacteria antagonistic towards Staphylococcus intermedius on canine skin and mucosal surfaces. Vet Dermatol 1995, 6(4):187-194.
• [36]Griffeth GC, Morris DO, Abraham JL, Shofer FS, Rankin SC: Screening for skin carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus schleiferi in dogs with healthy and inflamed skin. Vet Dermatol 2008, 19(3):142-149.