Pattern and process in the evolution of the sole dioecious member of Brassicaceae

EvoDevo

Verónica S Di Stilio¹  Vietnam Le Huynh¹  Valerie L Soza¹ 

[1] Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA

关键词: unisexual flowers;    sex differentiation;    PISTILLATA;    phylogenetic network;    organ arrest;    genome size;    floral ontogeny;    dioecy;    programmed cell death;    allopolyploidy;   

Others  :  1093176
DOI  :  10.1186/2041-9139-5-42

 received in 2014-06-21, accepted in 2014-10-07,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Lepidium sisymbrioides, a polyploid New Zealand endemic, is the sole dioecious species in Brassicaceae and therefore the closest dioecious relative of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The attractiveness of developing this system for future studies on the genetics of sex determination prompted us to investigate historical and developmental factors surrounding the evolution of its unisexual flowers. Our goal was to determine the evolutionary pattern of polyploidization of L. sisymbrioides and the timing and process of flower reproductive organ abortion. To that end, we used a combination of phylogenetics to place this species within the complex history of polyploidization events in Lepidium and histology to compare its floral ontogeny to that of its closest hermaphroditic relatives and to A. thaliana.

Results

Using a nuclear locus (PISTILLATA), we reconstructed the gene tree among Lepidium taxa and applied a phylogenetic network analysis to identify ancestral genomes that contributed to the evolution of L. sisymbrioides. Combining this phylogenetic framework with cytological and genome size data, we estimated L. sisymbrioides as an allo-octoploid resulting from three hybridization events. Our investigations of flower development showed that unisexual flowers appear to abort reproductive organs by programmed cell death in female flowers and by developmental arrest in male flowers. This selective abortion occurs at the same floral developmental stage in both males and females, corresponding to Arabidopsis stage nine.

Conclusions

Dioecy in Brassicaceae evolved once in L. sisymbrioides following several allopolyploidization events, by a process of selective abortion of reproductive organs at intermediate stages of flower development. Different developmental processes, but similar timing of abortions, affect male versus female flower development. An increased understanding of how and when reproductive organs abort in this species, combined with our estimates of ancestral genome contributions, ploidy and genome size, lay the foundation for future efforts to examine the genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of unisexual flowers in the closest dioecious relative of the best studied model plant.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Soza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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