How effective are created or restored freshwater wetlands for nitrogen and phosphorus removal? A systematic review protocol

Environmental Evidence

Jos TA Verhoeven³  Karin S Tonderski⁴  William J Mitsch⁵  Carl Christian Hoffmann¹  Anders Grimvall⁶  Wilhelm Granéli⁷  Magnus Land² 

[1] Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark;Mistra EviEM, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Biology, Utrecht University, NL-3584, CA Utrecht, Netherlands;Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden;110 Kapnick Center, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples Florida 34112, USA;Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, Box 260, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden;Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362, Lund Sweden

关键词: Eutrophication;    Pond;    Constructed wetland;    Restored wetland;    Wetland creation;    Removal efficiency;    Retention rate;    Nutrient;    Phosphorus;    Nitrogen;   

Others  :  801344
DOI  :  10.1186/2047-2382-2-16

 received in 2013-05-07, accepted in 2013-08-20,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Eutrophication of aquatic environments is a major environmental problem in large parts of the world. In Europe, EU legislation (the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive), international conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM) and national environmental objectives emphasize the need to reduce the input of plant nutrients to freshwater and marine environments. A widely used method to achieve this is to let water pass through a constructed or restored wetland (CW). However, the large variation in measured nutrient removal rates in such wetlands calls for a systematic review. The objective of this review is to quantify nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates in constructed or restored wetlands and relate them to wetland characteristics, loading characteristics, and climate factors. Wetlands are created to treat water from a number of different sources. Sources that will be considered in this review include agricultural runoff and urban storm water run-off, as well as aquaculture wastewater and outlets from domestic wastewater treatment plants, with particular attention to the situation in Sweden. Although the performance of wetlands in temperate and boreal regions is most relevant to the Swedish stakeholders a wider range of climatic conditions will be considered in order to make a thorough evaluation of climatic factors.

Methods

Searches for primary studies will be performed in electronic databases as well as on the internet. One author will perform the screening of all retrieved articles at the title and abstract level. To check that the screening is consistent and complies with the agreed inclusion/exclusion criteria, subsets of 100 articles will be screened by the other authors. When screening at full-text level the articles will be evenly distributed among the authors. Kappa tests will be used to evaluate screening consistency. Data synthesis will be based on meta-regression. The nutrient removal rates will be taken as response variables and the effect modifiers will be used as explanatory variables. More specifically, the meta-regression will be performed using generalized additive models that can handle nonlinear relationships and major interaction effects. Furthermore, subgroup analyses will be undertaken to elucidate statistical relationships that are specific to particular types of wetlands.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Land et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Smith VH: Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems - A global problem. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2003, 10:126-139.
• [2]Mitsch WJ, Day JW, Zhang L, Lane RR: Nitrate-nitrogen retention in wetlands in the Mississippi river basin. Ecol Eng 2005, 24:267-278.
• [3]Carleton JN, Grizzard TJ, Godrej AN, Post HE: Factors affecting the performance of storm water treatment wetlands. Water Res 2001, 35:1552-1562.
• [4]Kadlec RH: Nitrogen farming for pollution control. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2005, 40:1307-1330.
• [5]Vymazal J: Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ 2007, 380:48-65.
• [6]Vymazal J, Kroepfelova L: Removal of nitrogen in constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow: a review. Wetlands 2009, 29:1114-1124.
• [7]Hoffmann CC, Kjaergaard C, Uusi-Kamppa J, Hansen HCB, Kronvang B: Phosphorus retention in riparian buffers: review of their efficiency. J Environ Qual 2009, 38:1942-1955.
• [8]Braskerud BC, Tonderski KS, Wedding B, Bakke R, Blankenberg AGB, Ulen B, Koskiaho J: Can constructed wetlands reduce the diffuse phosphorus loads to eutrophic water in cold temperate regions? J Environ Qual 2005, 34:2145-2155.
• [9]Mitsch WJ, Zhang L, Stefanik KC, Nahlik AM, Anderson CJ, Bernal B, Hernandez M, Song K: Creating wetlands: primary succession, water quality changes, and self-design over 15 years. Bioscience 2012, 62:237-250.
• [10]Nixon SW, Ammerman JW, Atkinson LP, Berounsky VM, Billen G, Boicourt WC, Boynton WR, Church TM, Ditoro DM, Elmgren R, et al.: The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 1996, 35:141-180.
• [11]Ryther JH, Dunstan WM: Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in coastal marine environment. Science 1971, 171:1008-1013.
• [12]Graneli E, Wallstrom K, Larsson U, Graneli W, Elmgren R: Nutrient limitation of primary production in the Baltic Sea area. Ambio 1990, 19:142-151.
• [13]Conley DJ, Paerl HW, Howarth RW, Boesch DF, Seitzinger SP, Havens KE, Lancelot C, Likens GE: Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus. Science 2009, 323:1014-1015.
• [14]Schindler DW, Hecky RE, Findlay DL, Stainton MP, Parker BR, Paterson MJ, Beaty KG, Lyng M, Kasian SEM: Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:11254-11258.
• [15]Boesch D, Hecky R, O’Melia C, Schindler D, Seitzinger S: Eutrophication of Swedish Seas. Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Report 5509; 2006.
• [16]Danielsson Å, Papush L, Rahm L: Alterations in nutrient limitations — scenarios of a changing Baltic Sea. J Mar Syst 2008, 73:263-283.
• [17]Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Swedish; http://vattenwebb.smhi.se/wetlands/ webcite
• [18]Svensson JM, Strand J, Sahlén G, Weisner S: Utvärdering av våtmarker anlagda inom lokala investeringsprogram och med LBU-stöd avseende närsaltsretention och biologisk mångfald. In Rikare mångfald och mindre kväve, Utvärdering av våtmarker skapade med stöd av lokala investeringsprogram och landsbygdsutvecklingsstöd (in Swedish). Stockholm: Naturvårdsverket, Rapport 5362; 2004.
• [19]Brandt M, Arheimer B, Gustavsson H, Pers C, Rosberg J, Sundström M, Thorén AK: Uppföljning av effekten av anlagda våtmarker i jordbrukslandskap. Belastning av kväve och fosfor (in Swedish). Stockholm: Naturvårdsverket, Rapport 6309; 2009.
• [20]Weisner S, Thiere G: Mindre fosfor och kväve från jordbrukslandskapet (in Swedish). Jönköping: Jordbruksverket, Rapport 2010; 2010:21.
• [21]Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F: World map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol Z 2006, 15:259-263.
• [22]Thiere G, Milenkovski S, Lindgren PE, Sahlen G, Berglund O, Weisner SEB: Wetland creation in agricultural landscapes: biodiversity benefits on local and regional scales. Biol Conserv 2009, 142:964-973.
• [23]Fisher J, Acreman MC: Wetland nutrient removal: a review of the evidence. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 2004, 8:673-685.
• [24]Mermillod-Blondin F, Lemoine D, Boisson JC, Malet E, Montuelle B: Relative influences of submersed macrophytes and bioturbating fauna on biogeochemical processes and microbial activities in freshwater sediments. Freshw Biol 2008, 53:1969-1982.
• [25]Hahn S, Bauer S, Klaassen M: Quantification of allochthonous nutrient input into freshwater bodies by herbivorous waterbirds. Freshw Biol 2008, 53:181-193.
• [26]Andersen DC, Sartoris JJ, Thullen JS, Reusch PG: The effects of bird use on nutrient removal in a constructed wastewater-treatment wetland. Wetlands 2003, 23:423-435.