Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment

GigaScience

Guojie Zhang²  Jun Wang^1,15  David M Lambert^1,11  Jian Wang⁸  Huanming Yang¹  M Thomas P Gilbert^1,13  Erich D Jarvis³  Chris P Ponting⁶  David W Burt^1,17  Simon YW Ho^1,16  Hans Ellegren^1,12  Kiwoong Nam^1,14  Wanjun Gu⁷  David D Pollock⁹  Todd A Castoe^1,10  Matthew J Greenwold⁴  Matthew K Fujita⁶  Chris M Rands⁶  Stephen Meader⁶  Craig D Millar⁵  Sankar Subramanian^1,11  Qiong Shi⁸  Weiming He⁸  Jinquan Xia⁸  Yongshan Lang⁸  Yan Zhang⁸  Shiping Liu⁸  Linfeng Yang⁸  Binghang Liu⁸  Yan Chen⁸  Hao Yu⁸  Lijun Jin⁸  Qiye Li^1,13  Yuan Deng⁸  Luohao Xu⁸  Hailin Pan⁸  Haofu Hu⁸  Lesheng Kong⁶  Jianwen Li⁸  Yong Zhang⁸  Cai Li^1,13 

[1] Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark;Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC27710, USA;Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA;Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand;MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;Research Centre of Learning Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;Biology Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76016, USA;Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia;Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;Current address: Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, C.F.Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong;School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;Department of Genomics and Genetics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK

关键词: Antarctica;    Adaptation;    Evolution;    Avian genomics;    Penguins;   

Others  :  1118570
DOI  :  10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

 received in 2014-09-01, accepted in 2014-11-06,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri].

Results

Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology.

Conclusions

Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Li et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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