The influence of parenting style on health related behavior of children: findings from the ChiBS study

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Stefaan De Henauw⁴  Ester Sleddens¹  Nathalie Michels³  Isabelle Sioen²  Nele Philips³ 

[1] Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands;FWO, Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium;Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium;Department of Health Sciences, Vesalius, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

关键词: Sleep;    Sedentary behavior;    Soft drinks;    Health;    Parenting;   

Others  :  1136232
DOI  :  10.1186/s12966-014-0095-y

 received in 2013-05-02, accepted in 2014-07-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Objective

Exploring associations between parenting behavior and children’s health related behavior including physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet and sleep.

Methods

We recruited 288 parents and their children (6-12y old). Children’s weight and height were measured. Fat percentage was determined by air displacement plethysmography. Parents reported socio-demographic data, sleep information, physical activity and sedentary behavior of their child and completed the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire (CGPQ) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Children completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Associations between parenting behavior (CGPQ) and children’s health related behavior were assessed with univariate and multiple regression analyses.

Results

A small positive correlation was found between sweet food consumption frequency and “coercive control” (r = 0.139) and a small negative correlation between fruit and vegetables consumption frequency and “overprotection” (r = −0.151). Children consumed more frequently soft drinks when their parents scored lower on “structure” (r = −0.124) and higher on “overprotection” (r = 0.123); for the light soft drinks separately, a small positive correlation with “behavioral control” was found (r = 0.172). A small negative correlation was found between “emotional eating” and “structure” (r = −0.172) as well as “behavioral control” (r = −0.166). “Coercive control” was negatively correlated with the child’s sleep duration (r = −0.171). After correction for confounding factors, the following significant associations were found: (1) a small negative association between “structure” and soft drinks consumption (β = −0.17 for all soft drinks and −0.22 for light soft drinks), (2) a small positive association between “behavioral control” and light soft drinks (β = 0.34), (3) a small positive association of “nurturance” and “coercive control” with sedentary behavior (β = 0.16 for both parent constructs) and (4) a small negative association between the parenting construct “coercive control” and sleep duration (β = −0.23).

Conclusion

The significant but small associations between parenting constructs and the investigated variables suggest that different aspects of parenting style play an important role in the genesis of the health related behavior of children. Overall, our findings suggest that health professionals should encourage parents to apply the more positive parenting constructs i.e., more “structure” and “behavioral control”, and less “coercive control”. They could, for instance, supervise and manage their child’s activities and help their child to achieve certain goals.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Philips et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R: Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev 2004, 5(Suppl 1):4-104.
• [2]Craigie AM, Lake AA, Kelly SA, Adamson AJ, Mathers JC: Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review. Maturitas 2011, 70:266-284.
• [3]Telama R: Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a review. Obes Facts 2009, 2:187-195.
• [4]Biddle SJH, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R: Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med 2010, 51:345-351.
• [5]Rodenburg G, Kremers SP, Oenema A, van de Mheen D: Psychological control by parents is associated with a higher child weight. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011, 6:442-449.
• [6]Gubbels JS, Kremers SPJ, Stafleu A, de Vries SI, Goldbohm RA, Dagnelie PC, de Vries NK, van Buuren S, Thijs C: Association between parenting practices and children’s dietary intake, activity behavior and development of body mass index: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2011, 8:ᅟ. BioMed Central Full Text
• [7]Jago R, Davison KK, Brockman R, Page AS, Thompson JL, Fox KR: Parenting styles, parenting practices, and physical activity in 10- to 11-year olds. Prev Med 2011, 52:44-47.
• [8]Lohaus A, Vierhaus M, Ball J: Parenting styles and health-related behavior in childhood and early adolescence results of a longitudinal study. J Early Adolescence 2009, 29:449-475.
• [9]Vereecken C, Legiest E, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Maes L: Associations between general parenting styles and specific food-related parenting practices and children’s food consumption. AJHP 2009, 23:233-240.
• [10]Knutson KL, Cauter E: Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Mol Biophys Mech Arousal, Alertness, and Atten 2008, 1129:287-304.
• [11]Nielsen LS, Danielsen KV, Sorensen TI: Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Obes Rev 2011, 12:78-92.
• [12]Patel SR, Hu FB: Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity 2008, 16:643-653.
• [13]Sleddens EFC, Gerards SMPL, Thijs C, De Vries NK, Kremers SPJ: General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: a review. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011, 6:E12-E27.
• [14]Hennessy E, Hughes SO, Goldberg JP, Hyatt RR, Economos CD: Parent–child interactions and objectively measured child physical activity: a cross-sectional study. ISBNPA 2010, 7:71.
• [15]Rhee KE, Lumeng JC, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Bradley RH: Parenting styles and overweight status in first grade. Pediatrics 2006, 117:2047-2054.
• [16]Johnson R, Welk G, Saint-Maurice PF, Ihmels M: Parenting styles and home obesogenic environments. Int J Env Res Pub He 2012, 9:1411-1426.
• [17]Hughes SO, Power TG, Papaioannou MA, Cross MB, Nicklas TA, Hall SK, Shewchuk RM: Emotional climate, feeding practices, and feeding styles: an observational analysis of the dinner meal in head start families. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2011, 8:ᅟ. BioMed Central Full Text
• [18]Wake M, Nicholson JM, Hardy P, Smith K: Preschooler obesity and parenting styles of mothers and fathers: Australian National Population study. Pediatrics 2007, 120:E1520-E1527.
• [19]Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years (vol 145, pg 20, 2004 J Pediatr 2004, 145:424-424.
• [20]Blissett J, Haycraft E: Are parenting style and controlling feeding practices related? Appetite 2008, 50:477-485.
• [21]Sleddens EFC, O’Connor TM, Watson KB, Hughes SO, Power TG, Thijs C, De Vries NK, Kremers SPJ: Development of the comprehensive parenting questionnaire for caregivers of 5 to 13 year olds. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014, 11:15. BioMed Central Full Text
• [22]Michels N, Vanaelst B, Vyncke K, Sioen I, Huybrechts I, De Vriendt T, De Henauw S: Children’s body composition and stress - the ChiBS study: aims, design, methods, population and participation characteristics. Arch Public Health 2012, 70:17. BioMed Central Full Text
• [23]Wells JC, Williams JE, Chomtho S, Darch T, Grijalva-Eternod C, Kennedy K, Haroun D, Wilson C, Cole TJ, Fewtrell MS: Pediatric reference data for lean tissue properties: density and hydration from age 5 to 20 y. Am J Clinical Nutr 2010, 91:610-618.
• [24]Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA: British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat Med 1998, 17(4):407-429.
• [25]Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000, 320:1240-1243.
• [26]Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000, 894:i-xii. 1–253
• [27]Lanfer A, Hebestreit A, Ahrens W, Krogh V, Sieri S, Lissner L, Eiben G, Siani A, Huybrechts I, Loit HM, Papoutsou S, Kovács E, Pala V: Reproducibility of food consumption frequencies derived from the Children’s eating habits questionnaire used in the IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011, 35(Suppl 1):S61-S68.
• [28]Huybrechts I, Bornhorst C, Pala V, Moreno LA, Barba G, Lissner L, Fraterman A, Veidebaum T, Hebestreit A, Sieri S, Ottevaere C, Tornaritis M, Molnár D, Ahrens W, De Henauw S: Evaluation of the Children’s eating habits questionnaire used in the IDEFICS study by relating urinary calcium and potassium to milk consumption frequencies among european children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011, 35(Suppl 1):S69-S78.
• [29]Vanstrien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB: The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (Debq) for Assessment of Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating Behavior. Int J Eat Disorder 1986, 5:295-315.
• [30]Cohen J: Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey; 1998.
• [31]Keane E, Layte R, Harrington J, Kearney PM, Perry IJ: Measured parental weight status and familial socio-economic status correlates with childhood overweight and obesity at age 9. PLoS One 2012, 7:e43503.
• [32]Gubbels JS, Kremers SPJ, Stafleu A, Dagnelie PC, Goldbohm RA, de Vries NK, Thijs C: Diet-related restrictive parenting practices. Impact on dietary intake of 2-year-old children and interactions with child characteristics. Appetite 2009, 52:423-429.
• [33]Brown KA, Ogden J, Vogele C, Gibson EL: The role of parental control practices in explaining children’s diet and BMI. Appetite 2008, 50:252-259.
• [34]Saxton J, Carnell S, Van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J: Maternal education is associated with feeding style. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109:894-898.
• [35]Wardle J, Sanderson S, Guthrie CA, Rapoport L, Plomin R: Parental feeding style and the intergenerational transmission of obesity risk. Obes Res 2002, 10:453-462.
• [36]Taylor A, Wilson C, Slater A, Mohr P: Parent- and child-reported parenting. Associations with child weight-related outcomes. Appetite 2011, 57:700-706.
• [37]Lim S, Zoellner JM, Ajrouch KJ, Ismail AI: Overweight in childhood the role of resilient parenting in african-american households. Am J Prev Med 2011, 40:329-333.
• [38]Montgomery C, Jackson DM, Kelly LA, Reilly JJ: Parental feeding style, energy intake and weight status in young Scottish children. Brit J Nutr 2006, 96:1149-1153.
• [39]Farrow CV: Do parental feeding practices moderate the relationships between impulsivity and eating in children? Eat Behav 2012, 13:150-153.
• [40]Topham GL, Hubbs-Tait L, Rutledge JM, Page MC, Kennedy TS, Shriver LH, Harrist AW: Parenting styles, parental response to child emotion, and family emotional responsiveness are related to child emotional eating. Appetite 2011, 56:261-264.
• [41]Gable S, Lutz S: Household, parent, and child contributions to childhood obesity. Fam Relat 2000, 49:293-300.
• [42]Schmitz KH, Lytle LA, Phillips GA, Murray DM, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY: Psychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary leisure habits in young adolescents: The teens eating for energy and nutrition at school study. Prev Med 2002, 34:266-278.
• [43]Chen JL, Kennedy C: Factors associated with obesity in Chinese-American children. Pediatr Nurs 2005, 31:110-115.
• [44]Pearson N, Timperio A, Salmon J, Crawford D, Biddle SJH: Family influences on children’s physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2009, 6:34-52. BioMed Central Full Text
• [45]Michels N, Sioen I, Braet C, Huybrechts I, Vanaelst B, Wolters M, De Henauw S: Relation between salivary cortisol as stress biomarker and dietary pattern in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38:292-301.
• [46]Galloway AT, Fiorito LM, Francis LA, Birch LL: ‘Finish your soup’: counterproductive effects of pressuring children to eat on intake and affect. Appetite 2006, 46:318-323.
• [47]Campbell KJ, Crawford DA, Ball K: Family food environment and dietary behaviors likely to promote fatness in 5–6 year-old children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006, 30:1272-1280.
• [48]Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL: Parental influences on young girls’ fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 2002, 102:58-64.
• [49]Wardle J, Carnell S, Cooke L: Parental control over feeding and children’s fruit and vegetable intake: how are they related? J Am Diet Assoc 2005, 105:227-232.
• [50]Faith MS, Berkowitz RI, Stallings VA, Kerns J, Storey M, Stunkard AJ: Parental feeding attitudes and styles and child body mass index: prospective analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Pediatrics 2004, 114:e429-e436.
• [51]Sleddens EFC, Kremers SPJ, Stafleu A, Dagnelie PC, De Vries NK, Thijs C: Food parenting practices and child dietary behaviour: Prospective relations and the moderating role of general parenting. Appetite 2014, 79:42-50.
• [52]Shiely F, Hayes K, Perry IJ, Kelleher CC: Height and weight bias: the influence of time. PLoS One 2013, 8:e54386.