Infectious Diseases of Poverty | |
Coinfection with malaria and intestinal parasites, and its association with anaemia in children in Cameroon | |
Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti1  Tayong Dizzle Bita Kwenti1  Dickson Shey Nsagha3  Jules Clement Nguedia Assob2  Shuri Ghasarah Fon2  Anna Longdoh Njunda2  | |
[1] Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;Department of Public Health and Hygiene, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon | |
关键词: Cameroon; Prevalence; Children; Anaemia; Coinfection; Intestinal parasitic infections; Intestinal parasites; Malaria; | |
Others : 1230043 DOI : 10.1186/s40249-015-0078-5 |
|
received in 2015-07-21, accepted in 2015-09-29, 发布年份 2015 | |
![]() |
【 摘 要 】
Background
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection with malaria and intestinal parasites, as well as to determine its association with anaemia in children aged 10 years and below in Muyuka, Cameroon.
Materials and methods
This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were febrile children who were admitted to the Muyuka district hospital between April and October 2012. Blood and stool samples were collected from those participants who gave consent to take part in the study. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and complete blood count (CBC) were performed using an automated haematology analyser (Mindray®, BC-2800). Giemsa-stained blood film was examined to detect malaria parasites, while the formol-ether concentration technique was used to detect intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). The Pearson’s chi-square, Student’s T-test and correlation analysis were all performed as part of the statistical analyses.
Results
Four hundred and eleven (411) children successfully took part in this study. The prevalence of malaria, IPIs, malaria and IPI coinfection, and anaemia observed were 98.5 %, 11.9 %, 11.9 % and 44.8 %, respectively. Anaemia and IPIs were significantly associated with age; anaemia was more prevalent in children under five years of age (p = 0.000), whereas IPIs were more prevalent in children aged between five and 10 years (p = 0.006). The parasite species isolated included Ascaris lumbricoides (36 [73.5 %]), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (9 [18.4 %]) and hookworm (4 [8.2 %]). The mean Hb observed was 10.64 g/dl (±1.82). A significant negative correlation was observed between malaria parasite density and Hb. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of anaemia among children infected with malaria, IPIs, or malaria and IPI coinfection, or among non-infected children. Similarly, the mean Hb did not differ among infected and non-infected children.
Conclusion
This study showed that malaria and IPIs still constitute a major public health problem in the study area despite a lack of any significant association between these infections and anaemia. The findings suggest that there is a need for the implementation of control measures to curb the rate of malaria and IPIs in the study area.
【 授权许可】
2015 Njunda et al.
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
---|---|---|---|
20151103092551828.pdf | 552KB | ![]() |
|
Fig. 1. | 14KB | Image | ![]() |
【 图 表 】
Fig. 1.
【 参考文献 】
- [1]Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Malaria Worldwide. 2014. Accessed 13/07/2015 at. http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/index.html webcite
- [2]World Health Organisation: World malaria report 2014. World Health Organisation, Geneva; 2014. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/wmr-2014-no-profiles.pdf
- [3]Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, et al.: Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: A systematic analysis. Lancet 2012, 379(9814):413-431.
- [4]Olupot-Olupot P, Maitland K: Management of severe malaria: Results from recent trials. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013, 764:241-250.
- [5]World Health Organisation: Malaria Fact sheet N°94. World Health Organisation, Geneva; 2014.
- [6]Zeukeng F, Tchinda VHM, Bigoga JD, Ndzi CHTES, Abonweh G, Makoge V, et al.: Co-infections of Malaria and Geohelminthiasis in Two Rural Communities of Nkassomo and Vian in the Mfou Health District, Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8(10):e3236.
- [7]Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH: Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 2009, 373:1570-1575.
- [8]Ngui R, Ishak S, Chuen CS, Mahmud R, Lim YAL: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitism in Rural and Remote West Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011, 5(3):e974.
- [9]Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C: A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 2001, 131:649S-668S.
- [10]Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Acosta LP, Bellinger DC, Langdon GC, Manalo DL, et al.: Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 72(5):540-548.
- [11]Makoge VD, Mbah GA, Nkengazong L, Sahfe NE, Moyou RS: Falciparum malaria, helminth infection, and anaemia in asymptomatic pupils in four villages in Cameroon. European Journal of Zoological Research 2012, 1(2):54-59.
- [12]Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Yimsamran S, Manibunyong W, Thanyavanich N, Wuthisen R, et al.: Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Parasitol 2002, 88(1):55-58.
- [13]Sokhna C, Le Hesran JY, Mbaye PA, Akiana J, Camara P, Diop M, et al.: Increased malaria attacks among children presenting concomitant infections by S. mamsoni in Senegal. Malar J 2004, 3:43. BioMed Central Full Text
- [14]Hillier SD, Booth M, Muhangi L, Nkurunziza P, Khihembo M, Kakande M, et al.: Plasmodium falciparum and helminth co-infections in semiurban population of pregnant women in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:920-927.
- [15]Mwatha JK, Jones FM, Mohamed G, Naus CW, Riley EM, Butterworth AE, et al.: Associations between Anti–Schistosoma mansoni and Anti–Plasmodium falciparum Antibody Responses and Hepatosplenomegaly, in Kenyan Schoolchildren. J Infect Dis 2003, 187:1337-1341.
- [16]Booth M, Vennervald BJ, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Ouma JH, Kariuki CH, et al.: Hepatosplenic morbidity in two neighbouring communities in Uganda with high levels of aschistosoma mansoni infection but very different durations of residence. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004, 98:125-136.
- [17]Nkuo-Akenji TK, Chi RC, Jerome F, Ndamukong KJ, Sumbele I: Malaria and helminth coinfection in children living in malaria endemic settings of mount Cameroon and predictors of anaemia. J Parasitol 2006, 92(6):1191-1195.
- [18]Wiria EA, Prasetyani AM, Hamid F, Wammes JL, Lell B, Ariawan I, et al.: Does treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria? Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia (Immuno SPIN study). BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:77. BioMed Central Full Text
- [19]Kinung’hi SM, Magnussen P, Kaatano GM, Kishamawe C, Vennervald BJ: Malaria and Helminth Co-Infections in School and Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Magu District, North-Western Tanzania. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(1):e86510.
- [20]Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, Kalumba ON: Multiple infection with plasmodium and helminths in communities of low and relatively high socio-economic status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996, 90:277-293.
- [21]Menendez C, Fleming AF, Alonso PL: Malaria related anaemia. Parasitol Today 2000, 16:469-476.
- [22]McDevitt MA, Xie J, Gordeuk V, Bucala R: The anemia of malaria infection: The role of inflammatory cytokines. Curr Hematol Rep 2004, 3:97-106.
- [23]WHO: Iron deficiency anemia, Assessment, prevention, and control: a guide for program managers. World Health Organisation, Technical report series, Geneva; 2001.
- [24]Cheesbrough M: District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press: Part1&2, Cambridge; 2009.
- [25]Njunda AL, Assob NJC, Nsagha SD, Kamga FHL, Mokenyu MD, Kwenti ET: Comparison of capillary and venous blood using blood film microscopy in the detection of malaria parasites: A hospital based study. Scientific Journal of Microbiology 2013, 2(5):89-94.
- [26]Research Malaria Microscopy Standards Working Group: Microscopy for the detection, identification and quantification of malaria parasites on stained thick and thin films. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2015.
- [27]Cheesbrough M: District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2006.
- [28]Sumbele IUN, Kimbi HK, Ndamukong-Nyanga JL, Nweboh M, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Lum E, et al.: Malarial Anaemia and Anaemia Severity in Apparently Healthy Primary School Children in Urban and Rural Settings in the Mount Cameroon Area: Cross Sectional Survey. PLoS One 2015, 10(4):e0123549.
- [29]Tchinda VHM, Ponka R, Ndzi ES, Madocgne AK, Amédée M, Tchinda MG, et al.: Prevalence of malaria and soil-transmitted helminth infections and their association with undernutrition in schoolchildren residing in Mfou health district in Cameroon. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology 2012, 4(9):253-260.
- [30]Degarege A, Legesse M, Medhin G, Animut A, Erko B: Malaria and related outcomes in patients with intestinal helminths: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2012, 12:291. BioMed Central Full Text
- [31]Alemu A, Shiferaw Y, Ambachew A, Hamid H: Malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for anaemia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012, 5:803-809.
- [32]Fusi-Ngwa C, Besong E, Pone JW, Mbida M: A Cross-Sectional Study of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children in Ghettoed, Diverse and Affluent Communities in Dschang, West Region, Cameroon. Open Access Library Journal 2014, 1:e1081.
- [33]Wongstitwilairoong B, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Fukuda CD, Mcdaniel P, Bodhidatta L, et al.: Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 76(2):345-350.
- [34]Gelaw A, Anagaw B, Nigussie B, Silesh B, Yirga A, Alem M, et al.: Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and risk factors among schoolchildren at the University of Gondar Community School, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:304. BioMed Central Full Text
- [35]Miller SA, Rosario CL, Rojas E, Scorza JV: Intestinal parasitic infection and associated symptoms in children attending day care centres in Trujillo, Venezuela. Trop Med Int Health 2003, 8(4):342-347.
- [36]Ngrenngarmlert W, Lamom C, Pasuralertsakul S, Yaicharoen R, Wongjindanon N, Sripochang S, et al.: Intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Thailand. Trop Biomed 2007, 24(2):83-88.
- [37]Tsuyuoka R, Bailey JW, Guimarães AMAN, Gurgel RQ, Cuevas LE: Anemia and intestinal parasitic infections in primary school students in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 1999, 15(2):413-421.
- [38]Osazuwa F, Ayo OM, Imade P: A significant association between intestinal helminth infection and anaemia burden in children in rural communities of Edo state, Nigeria. N Am J Med Sci 2011, 3(1):30-34.
- [39]Nyarango RM, Aloo PA, Kabiru EW, Nyanchongi BO: The Risk of Pathogenic Intestinal Parasite Infections in Kisii Municipality, Kenya. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:237. BioMed Central Full Text
- [40]Getachew M, Tafess K, Zeynudin A, Yewhalaw D: Prevalence Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and malaria co-infection among pregnant women and risk factors in Gilgel Gibe dam Area, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes 2013, 6:263. BioMed Central Full Text
- [41]May J, Falusi AG, Mockenhaupt FP, Ademowo OG, Olumese PE, Bienzle U, et al.: Impact of sub patent multi-species and multiclonal plasmodia infections on anaemia in children from Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000, 94(4):399-403.
- [42]Olusola O, Adebola MA, Oloyede SB, Akeem AA, Olusegun AA, Oluwaseyi AA: Asymptomatic falciparum malaria and intestinal helminths co-infection among school children in Osogbo, Nigeria. J Res Med Sci 2011, 16(5):680-686.
- [43]Degarege A, Animut A, Legesse M, Erko B: Malaria and helminths co-infection outpatient of Alaba Kolto heath center, south Ethiopia. Ethiopia BMC Res Not 2010, 3:143-150. BioMed Central Full Text
- [44]Yentür DN, Yıdız ZF, Simşek Z, Zeyrek D: Anemia and intestinal parasite infection in school children in rural Vietnam. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2014, 38(2):85-90.
- [45]Crawley J: Reducing the burden of anemia in infants and young children in malaria-endemic countries of Africa: from evidence to action. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 71(2):25-34.
- [46]Korenromp EL, Armstrong‐Schellenberg JR, Williams BG, Nahlen BL, Snow RW: Impact of malaria control on childhood anaemia in Africa -- a quantitative review. Trop Med Int Health 2004, 9:1050-1065.
- [47]Achidi EA, Salimonu LS, Asuzu MC, Berzins K, Walker O: Nigerian infants during their first year of life. American journal of tropica Medicine and Hygiene 1996, 55:139-143.
- [48]Cornet M, Hesran JYL, Fievet N, Cot M, Personne P, Gounoue R, et al.: Prevalence of and risk factors for anemia in young children in southern Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998, 58:606-611.