Diurnal cortisol rhythms among Latino immigrants in Oregon, USA

Journal of Physiological Anthropology

J Josh Snodgrass²  Laura E Isiordia⁴  Roberto A Jiménez⁴  J Mark Eddy⁵  Charles R Martinez¹  Heather H McClure¹  Erica C Squires³ 

[1] Latino Research Team, Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, USA;Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA;Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1321 Kincaid Street, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA;Farmworker Housing Development Corporation, Woodburn, OR, USA;Partners for Our Children, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

关键词: Body composition;    Immigration;    Latino;    Acculturation;    Cortisol;    Psychosocial stress;    Biomarker;   

Others  :  861895
DOI  :  10.1186/1880-6805-31-19

 received in 2012-05-25, accepted in 2012-05-25,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

One of the most commonly used stress biomarkers is cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal glands that is central to the physiological stress response. Free cortisol can be measured in saliva and has been the biomarker of choice in stress studies measuring the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Chronic psychosocial stress can lead to dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and results in an abnormal diurnal cortisol profile. Little is known about objectively measured stress and health in Latino populations in the United States, yet this is likely an important factor in understanding health disparities that exist between Latinos and whites. The present study was designed to measure cortisol profiles among Latino immigrant farmworkers in Oregon (USA), and to compare quantitative and qualitative measures of stress in this population. Our results indicate that there were no sex differences in average cortisol AUCg (area under the curve with respect to the ground) over two days (AvgAUCg; males = 1.38, females = 1.60; P = 0.415). AUCg1 (Day 1 AUCg) and AvgAUCg were significantly negatively associated with age in men (P<0.05). AUCg1 was negatively associated with weight (P<0.05), waist circumference (P<0.01) and waist-to-stature ratio (P<0.05) in women, which is opposite of the expected relationship between cortisol and waist-to-stature ratio, possibly indicating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. Among men, more time in the United States and immigration to the United States at older ages predicted greater AvgAUCg. Among women, higher lifestyle incongruity was significantly related to greater AvgAUCg. Although preliminary, these results suggest that chronic psychosocial stress plays an important role in health risk in this population.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Squires et al.: licensee Biomed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Ice GH, James GD: Measuring Stress in Humans: A Practical Guide for the Field. Edited by Ice GH, James GD. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007:1-24.
• [2]Flinn MV: Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. Edited by Trevathan W, Smith EO, McKenna JJ. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2008:242-258.
• [3]McDade TW: Lifestyle incongruity, social integration, and immune function in Samoan adolescents. Soc Sci Med 2001, 53:1351-1362.
• [4]McDade TW, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT: Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of inflammations in middle-aged and older adults: the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychosom Med 2006, 68:376-381.
• [5]Nieuwenhuizen AG, Rutters F: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis in the regulation of energy balance. Physiol Behav 2008, 94:169-177.
• [6]Woiciechowsky C, Schoning B, Lanksch WR, Volk HD, Docke WD: Mechanisms of brain-mediated systemic anti-inflammatory syndrome causing immunodepression. J Molec Med 1999, 77:769-780.
• [7]Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, Wust S: Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:2-18.
• [8]Pollard TM, Ice GH: Measuring hormonal variation in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. In Measuring Stress in Humans. Edited by Ice GH, James GD. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007:122-157.
• [9]Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU: How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 2000, 21:55-89.
• [10]McEwen BS, Wingfield J: The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm Behav 2003, 43:2-15.
• [11]Rosmond R: Stress induced disturbances of the HPA axis: a pathway to type 2 diabetes? Med Sci Monitor 2003, 9:RA35-RA39.
• [12]Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, Malarkey WB, Mercado AM, Glaser R: Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. Lancet 1995, 346:1194-1196.
• [13]Pacák K, Palkovits M: Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocr Rev 2001, 22:502-548.
• [14]Panter-Brick C, Eggerman M, Mojadidi A, McDade TW: Social stressors, mental health, and physiological stress in an urban elite of young Afghans in Kabul. Am J Hum Biol 2008, 20:627-641.
• [15]Dressler WW, Oths KS, Gravlee CC: Race and ethnicity in public health research: models to explain health disparities. Annu Rev Anthropol 2005, 34:231-252.
• [16]Institute of Medicine (IOM): Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.
• [17]Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Corral I, Fernandez S, Roesch S: Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. J Behav Med 2006, 29:79-94.
• [18]Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS: Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Publ Health 2003, 98(9 Suppl):S29-S37.
• [19]United States (U.S.) Census: 2010 Census Bureau Redistricting Data. State-by-State data released in 2011. 2011. Available at http://www.census.gov webcite.
• [20]Pew Hispanic Center: Statistical Portrait of Hispanics in the United States, 2009. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center; 2011. Available at: http://pewhispanic.org/factsheets/factsheet.php?FactsheetID=70 webcite.
• [21]McEwen BS: The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res 2000, 886:172-189.
• [22]Berry JW: Acculturation and health: theory and research. In Cultural Clinical Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice. Edited by Kazarian SS, Evans DR. New York: Oxford: University Press; 1998:39-57.
• [23]Lara M, Gamboa C, Kahramanian MI, Morales LS, Hayes Bautista DE: Acculturation and Latino health in the United Status: a review of the literature and its sociopolitical context. Annu Rev Publ Health 2005, 26:367-397.
• [24]Stuber J, Meyer I, Link B: Stigma, prejudice, discrimination and health. Soc Sci Med 2008, 67:351-357.
• [25]Vega WA, Gil AG: A model for explaining drug use behavior among Hispanic adolescents. Drugs Soc 1999, 14:57-74.
• [26]Marmot M: The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity. New York: Times Books; 2004.
• [27]Flores E, Tschann JM, Dimas JM, Bachen EA, Pasch LA, de Groat CL: Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic J Behav Sci 2008, 30:401-424.
• [28]Dressler WW, Bindon JR: Social status, social context, and arterial blood pressure. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998, 102:55-66.
• [29]Dressler WW: Modeling biocultural interactions: examples from studies of stress and cardiovascular disease. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 1995, 38:27-56.
• [30]Sorensen MV, Snodgrass JJ, Leonard WR, McDade TW, Tarskaya LA, Ivanov KI, Krivoshapkin VG, Alekseev VP: Lifestyle incongruity, stress and immune function in indigenous Siberians: the health impacts of rapid social and economic change. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009, 138:62-69.
• [31]Bindon JR, Knight A, Dressler WW, Crews DE: Social context and psychosocial influences on blood pressure among American Samoans. Am J Phys Anthropol 1997, 103:7-18.
• [32]Bitton A, McGarvey ST, Viali S: Anger expression and lifestyle incongruity interactions on blood pressure in Samoan adults. Am J Hum Biol 2006, 18:369-376.
• [33]Chin-Hong PV, McGarvey ST: Lifestyle incongruity and adult blood pressure in Western Samoa. Psychosom Med 1996, 58:131-137.
• [34]Dressler WW: Modernization, stress, and blood pressure: new directions in research. Hum Biol 1999, 71:583-605.
• [35]Soloway LE, Demerath EW, Ochs N, James GD, Little MA, Bindon JR, Garruto RM: Blood pressure and lifestyle on Saba, Netherlands Antilles. Am J Hum Biol 2009, 21:319-325.
• [36]Cacioppo JT, Patrick W: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. New York: W.W. Norton; 2008.
• [37]Steffen PR, Smith TB, Larson M, Butler L: Acculturation to Western society as a risk factor for high blood pressure: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 2006, 68:386-397.
• [38]DeSantis A, Adam E, Doane L, Mineka S, Zinbarg R, Craske M: Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents. J Adolescent Health 2007, 41:3-13.
• [39]Kaestner R, Pearson JA, Keene D, Geronimus AT: Stress, allostatic load, and health of Mexican immigrants. Soc Sci Quart 2009, 90:1089-1111.
• [40]Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH: Salivary cortisol. In Encyclopedia of Stress Vol. 3. Edited by Fink G. San Diego: Academic; 2000:379-384.
• [41]Oregon Center for Public Policy: Undocumented Workers are Taxpayers, Too. Silverton, OR: Oregon Center for Public Policy; 2007.
• [42]Stephen L: Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California, and Oregon. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2007.
• [43]Harachi TW, Catalano RF, Hawkins JD: Effective recruitment for parenting programs within ethnic minority communities. Child Adoles Social Work J 1997, 14:23-39.
• [44]Vythilingam M, Gill JM, Luckenbaugh DA, Gold PW, Collin C, Bonne O, Plumb K, Polignano E, West K, Charney D: Low early morning plasma cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with co-morbid depression but not with enhanced glucocorticoid feedback inhibition. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2010, 35:442-450.
• [45]Martinez CR Jr, McClure HH, Eddy JM, Ruth B, Hyers M: Recruitment and retention of Latino immigrant parents in prevention research. Prev Sci 2012, 13:15-26.
• [46]Martinez CR, McClure HH, Eddy JM: Language brokering contexts and behavioral and emotional adjustment among Latino parents and adolescent. J Early Adolescence 2009, 29:71-98.
• [47]Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R: Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
• [48]Adam EK, Kumari M: Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research. Psychoneuroendocrino 2009, 34:1423-1436.
• [49]Roosa MW, Liu FF, Torres M, Gonzales NA, Knight GP, Saenz D: Sampling and recruitment in studies of cultural influences on adjustment: a case study with Mexican Americans. J Fam Psychol 2008, 22:293-302.
• [50]Mahler SJ: American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1995.
• [51]Preussner JC, Kirschbaum C, Menlschmid G, Hellhammer DH: Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003, 28:916-931.
• [52]Bjorntorp P: Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev 2001, 2:73-86.
• [53]Alderete E, Vega WA, Kolody B, Aguilar-Gaxiola S: Lifetime prevalence of and risk factors for psychiatric disorders among Mexican migrant farmworkers in California. Am J Public Health 2000, 90:608-614.
• [54]Alderete E, Kaplan CP, Gregorich SE, Mejia R, Perez-Stable EJ: Smoking behavior and ethnicity in Jujuy, Argentina: Evidence from a low-income youth sample. Substance Use Misuse 2009, 44:632-646.
• [55]Vega WA, Sribney WM, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Kolody B: 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans: nativity, social assimilation, and age determinants. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004, 192:532-541.
• [56]Murgatroyd C, Wu YH, Bockmuhl Y, Spengler D: Genes learn from stress how infantile life trauma programs us for depression. Epigenetics 2010, 5:171-251.
• [57]Capps R, Fortuny K: Immigration and Child and Family Policy. 2006. Available at: http://www.urban.org/publications/311362.html webcite.
• [58]Gunnar MR Vazquez DM: Low cortisol and a flattening of the expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. [Special Issue] Stress & Development: Behavioral and Biological Consequences. Dev Psychopathol 2001, 13:516-538.
• [59]Mangold D, Wand G, Javors M, Mintz J: Acculturation, trauma and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican-American adults. Horm Behav 2010, 58:637-646.
• [60]McGarvey ST, Schendel DE: Blood pressure of Samoans. In The Changing Samoans. Edited by Baker PT, Hanna JM, Baker TS. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986:351-393.
• [61]Gerber ER: Rage and obligation: Samoan emotion in conflict. In Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Edited by White G, Berkeley Kirkpatrick J. University of California Press; 1985:121-167.
• [62]Howard A: Samoan coping behavior. In The Changing Samoans. Edited by Baker PT, Hanna JM, Baker TS. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986:394-418.
• [63]McClure HH, Martinez CR, Snodgrass JJ, Eddy JM, Jiménez R, Isiordia LE, McDade TW: Discrimination-related stress, blood pressure, and Epstein Barr Virus antibodies among Latin American immigrants in Oregon. J Biosoc Sci 2010, 42:433-461.
• [64]McClure HH, Snodgrass JJ, Martinez CR, Eddy JM, Jiménez RA, Isiordia LE: Discrimination, psychosocial stress, and health among Latin American immigrants in Oregon. Am J Hum Biol 2010, 22:421-423.
• [65]Midttveit EC, McClure HH, Snodgrass JJ, McDade TW, Martinez CR, Eddy JM, Jimenez RA, Isiordia LE: Body composition and lifestyle correlates of high sensitivity C-reactive protein among Latino immigrants in Oregon (abstract). Am J Hum Biol 2010, 22:263.
• [66]Taylor S, Klein L, Lewis B, Gruenewald T, Gurung R, Updegraff J: Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev 2000, 107:411-429.
• [67]Kertes DA, Gunnar MR: Evening activities as a potential confound in research on the Adrenocortical system in children. Child Dev 2004, 75:193-204.