Disparities in diabetes mellitus among Caribbean populations: a scoping review

International Journal for Equity in Health

Louis W Sullivan¹  Marlene MY MacLeish²  Eon Nigel Harris⁵  Rainford J Wilks⁴  Anselm JM Hennis³  Trevor S Ferguson⁴  Damian K Francis⁴  Nadia R Bennett⁴ 

[1] The Sullivan Alliance, Alexandria, USA;Department of Medical Education, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA;Chronic Disease Research Centre, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, West Indies, Barbados;Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, West Indies, Jamaica;The University of the West Indies, Kingston, West Indies, Jamaica

关键词: Blacks;    Afro-Caribbean;    Caribbean;    Health disparities;    Diabetes;   

Others  :  1133611
DOI  :  10.1186/s12939-015-0149-z

 received in 2014-05-26, accepted in 2015-01-27,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Despite the large body of research on racial/ethnic disparities in health, there are limited data on health disparities in Caribbean origin populations. This review aims to analyze and synthesize published literature on the disparities in diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications among Afro-Caribbean populations.

Methods

A detailed protocol, including a comprehensive search strategy, was developed and used to identify potentially relevant studies. Identified studies were then screened for eligibility using pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. An extraction form was developed to chart data and collate study characteristics including methods and main findings. Charted information was tagged by disparity indicators and thematic analysis performed. Disparity indicators evaluated include ethnicity, sex, age, socioeconomic status, disability and geographic location. Gaps in the literature were identified and extrapolated into a gap map.

Results

A total of 1009 diabetes related articles/manuscripts, published between 1972 and 2013, were identified and screened. Forty-three studies met inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. Most studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, and used a cross-sectional study design. Overall, studies reported a higher prevalence of DM among Caribbean Blacks compared to West African Blacks and Caucasians but lower when compared to South Asian origin groups. Morbidity from diabetes-related complications was highest in persons with low socioeconomic status. Gap analysis showed limited research data reporting diabetes incidence by sex and socioeconomic status. No published literature was found on disability status or sexual orientation as it relates to diabetes burden or complications. Prevalence and morbidity were the most frequently reported outcomes.

Conclusion

Literature on diabetes health disparities in Caribbean origin populations is limited. Future research should address these knowledge gaps and develop approaches to reduce them.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Bennett et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH: Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998, 21(9):1414-31.
• [2]International_Diabetes_Federation: IDF Diabetes Atlas International Diabetes Federation 5th edition. 2011.
• [3]Ferguson T, Tulloch-Reid M, Wilks R: The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Jamaica and the Caribbean: a historical review. West Indian Med J 2010, 59:259-64.
• [4]Nelson A: Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Natl Med Assoc 2002, 94(8):666-8.
• [5]Marwick C: Healthy People 2010 initiative launched. JAMA 2000, 283(8):989-90.
• [6]Koh HK, Piotrowski JJ, Kumanyika S, Fielding JE: Healthy people: a 2020 vision for the social determinants approach. Health Educ Behav 2011, 38(6):551-7.
• [7]Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health. [http://www.who.int/sdhconference/declaration/en/index.html]
• [8]Hayward K, Colman R, Pannozzo L: Health Disparities Indicators. Background Report For Developing Health Disparities Indicators in Canada, GPI Atlantic 2008.
• [9]Carter-Pokras O, Baquet C: What is a “health disparity”? Public Health Rep (Washington, DC:1974) 2002, 117(5):426-34.
• [10]Mays N, Roberts E, Popay J: Synthesising research evidence. Studying the organisation and delivery of health services: Research methods 2001, 188-220.
• [11]Arksey H, O’Malley L: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005, 8(1):19-32.
• [12]Pawson R: Evidence-based policy: in search of a method. Evaluation 2002, 8(2):157-81.
• [13]Abbott CA, Garrow AP, Carrington AL, Morris J, Van Ross ER, Boulton AJ, et al.: Foot ulcer risk is lower in South-Asian and african-Caribbean compared with European diabetic patients in the U.K.: the North-West diabetes foot care study. Diabetes Care 2005, 28(8):1869-75.
• [14]Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ERE, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJM: Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care 2011, 34(10):2220-4.
• [15]Admiraal WM, van Valkengoed IGM, L de Munter JS, Stronks K, Hoekstra JBL, Holleman F: The association of physical inactivity with Type 2 diabetes among different ethnic groups. Diabet Med 2011, 28(6):668-72.
• [16]Agyemang C, Kunst AE, Bhopal R, Anujuo K, Zaninotto P, Nazroo J, et al.: Diabetes prevalence in populations of South Asian Indian and African origins: a comparison of England and the Netherlands. Epidemiology 2011, 22(4):563-7.
• [17]Babwah F, Baksh S, Blake L, Cupid-Thuesday J, Hosein I, Sookhai A, et al.: The role of gender in compliance and attendance at an outpatient clinic for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Trinidad. Pan Am J Public Health 2006, 19(2):79-84.
• [18]Barcelo A, Pelaez M, Rodriguez-Wong L, Pastor-Valero M: The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among the elderly of seven cities in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Health Wellbeing and Aging (SABE) Project. J Aging Health 2006, 18(2):224-39.
• [19]Baskar V, Kamalakannan D, Holland MR, Singh BM: Does ethnic origin have an independent impact on hypertension and diabetic complications? Diabetes Obes Metab 2006, 8(2):214-9.
• [20]Cappuccio FP, Cook DG, Atkinson RW, Strazzullo P: Prevalence, detection, and management of cardiovascular risk factors in different ethnic groups in south London. Heart 1997, 78(6):555-63.
• [21]Chaturvedi N, Jarrett J, Morrish N, Keen H, Fuller JH: Differences in mortality and morbidity in African Caribbean and European people with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: results of 20 year follow up of a London cohort of a multinational study. BMJ 1996, 313(7061):848-52.
• [22]Conway DSG, Lip GYH: Ethnicity in relation to atrial fibrillation and stroke (the West Birmingham Stroke Project). Am J Cardiol 2003, 92(12):1476-9.
• [23]Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Kaufman JS, Owoaje EE, Fraser H, Forrester T, et al.: Prevalence of NIDDM among populations of the African diaspora. Diabetes Care 1997, 20(3):343-8.
• [24]Cox PSL, Williams SKP, Weaver SR: Life after lower extremity amputation in diabetics. West Indian Med J 2011, 60(5):536-40.
• [25]Creatore MI, Booth GL, Manuel DG, Moineddin R, Glazier RH: Diabetes screening among immigrants: a population-based urban cohort study. Diabetes Care 2012, 35(4):754-61.
• [26]Cruickshank JK, Beevers DG, Osbourne VL, Haynes RA, Corlett JC, Selby S: Heart attack, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension in West Indians, Asians, and whites in Birmingham, England. Br Med J 1980, 281(6248):1108.
• [27]Cruickshank JK, Alleyne SA: Black West Indian and matched white diabetics in Britain compared with diabetics in Jamaica: body mass, blood pressure, and vascular disease. Diabetes Care 1987, 10(2):170-9.
• [28]Eldemire D, Hagley K: Diabetes mellitus in the Jamaican elderly. West Indian Med J 1996, 45(3):82-4.
• [29]Ferguson TS, Francis DK, Tulloch-Reid MK, Younger NOM, McFarlane SR, Wilks RJ: An update on the burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Jamaica: findings from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007–2008. West Indian Med J 2011, 60(4):422-8.
• [30]Florey CV, McDonald H, McDonald J, Miall WE: The prevalence of diabetes in a rural population of Jamaican adults. Int J Epidemiol 1972, 1(2):157-66.
• [31]Gill PS, Calvert M, Davis R, Davies MK, Freemantle N, Lip GYH: Prevalence of heart failure and atrial fibrillation in minority ethnic subjects: the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (E-ECHOES). PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2011, 6(11):e26710.
• [32]Goyal D, Tayebjee M, Lip GYH, MacFadyen RJ: South Asian or Afro-Caribbean ethnicity is not associated with altered 1 min heart rate recovery estimates in suspected coronary artery disease patients. Int J Cardiol 2007, 114(2):261-4.
• [33]Gulliford MC, Ariyanayagam-Baksh SM, Bickram L, Picou D, Mahabir D: Social environment, morbidity and use of health care among people with diabetes mellitus in Trinidad. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26(3):620-7.
• [34]Gulliford MC, Mahabir D: Social inequalities in morbidity from diabetes mellitus in public primary care clinics in Trinidad and Tobago. Soc Sci Med 1998, 46(1):137-44.
• [35]Gulliford MC, Mahabir D: Utilisation of private care by public primary care clinic attenders with diabetes: relationship to health status and social factors. Soc Sci Med 2001, 53(8):1045-56.
• [36]Gulliford MC, Mahabir D, Rocke B: Diabetes-related inequalities in health status and financial barriers to health care access in a population-based study. Diabet Med 2004, 21(1):45-51.
• [37]Gulliford MC, Dodhia H, Chamley M, McCormick K, Mohamed M, Naithani S, et al.: Socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in diabetes retinal screening. Diabet Med 2010, 27(3):282-8.
• [38]Khattar RS, Swales JD, Senior R, Lahiri A: Racial variation in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in essential hypertension. Heart 2000, 83(3):267-71.
• [39]Leggetter S, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Edmonds ME: Ethnicity and risk of diabetes-related lower extremity amputation: a population-based, case–control study of African Caribbeans and Europeans in the United kingdom. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(1):73-8.
• [40]Leske MC, Wu SY, Hyman L, Li X, Hennis A, Connell AM, et al.: Diabetic retinopathy in a black population: the Barbados Eye Study. [Erratum appears in Ophthalmology 2000 Mar;107(3):412]. Ophthalmology 1999, 106(10):1893-9.
• [41]Markus HS, Khan U, Birns J, Evans A, Kalra L, Rudd AG, et al.: Differences in stroke subtypes between black and white patients with stroke: the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study. Circulation 2007, 116(19):2157-64.
• [42]Mbanya JC, Cruickshank JK, Forrester T, Balkau B, Ngogang JY, Riste L, et al.: Standardized comparison of glucose intolerance in west African-origin populations of rural and urban Cameroon, Jamaica, and Caribbean migrants to Britain. Diabetes Care 1999, 22(3):434-40.
• [43]Miller GJ, Maude GH, Beckles GL: Incidence of hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in a rapidly developing Caribbean community: the St James survey, Trinidad. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996, 50(5):497-504.
• [44]Molokhia M, Nitsch D, Patrick AL, McKeigue P: 30 Year patterns of mortality in Tobago, West Indies, 1976–2005: impact of glucose intolerance and alcohol intake. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2011, 6(1):e14588.
• [45]Mungrue K, Ramdial S, Barran A, Lorinda B, Bridgelal A, Gildharie S, et al.: The epidemiology of end stage renal disease at a centre in Trinidad. West Indian Med J 2011, 60(5):553-6.
• [46]Prasad S, Singh S, Duncan N, Cairns TDH, Griffith M, Hakim N, et al.: Ethnicity and survival on dialysis in west London. Kidney Int 2004, 66(6):2416-21.
• [47]Riste L, Khan F, Cruickshank K: High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in all ethnic groups, including Europeans, in a British inner city: relative poverty, history, inactivity, or 21st century Europe? Diabetes Care 2001, 24(8):1377-83.
• [48]Sedgwick JE, Pearce AJ, Gulliford MC: Evaluation of equity in diabetes health care in relation to African and Caribbean ethnicity. Ethnicity & health 2003, 8(2):121-33.
• [49]Shantsila E, Wrigley B, Shantsila A, Tapp LD, Blann AD, Gill PS, et al.: Ethnic differences in macro-vascular and micro-vascular function in systolic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011, 4(6):754-62.
• [50]Sharp A, Tapp R, Francis DP, McG Thom SA, Hughes AD, Stanton AV, et al.: Ethnicity and left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension an ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial) substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52(12):1015-21.
• [51]Sosin MD, Patel JV, Bhatia GS, Hughes EA, Davis RC, Lip GYH: Effects of white European, African Caribbean and South Asian ethnicity on homocysteine levels in patients with systolic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2008, 129(1):69-75.
• [52]Sargeant LA, Bennett FI, Forrester TE, Cooper RS, Wilks RJ: Predicting incident diabetes in Jamaica: the role of anthropometry. Obes Res 2002, 10(8):792-8.
• [53]Ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. The incidence of myocardial infarction in white, South Asian, and Afro-Caribbean patients with type 2 diabetes (U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 32). Diabetes care. 1998;21(8):1271-7.
• [54]Wilks R, Rotimi C, Bennett F, McFarlane-Anderson N, Kaufman JS, Anderson SG, et al.: Diabetes in the Caribbean: results of a population survey from Spanish Town, Jamaica. Diabet Med 1999, 16(10):875-83.
• [55]Wilks R, Bennett F, Forrester T, McFarlane-Anderson N: Chronic diseases: the new epidemic. West Indian Med J 1998, 47(Suppl 4):40-4.
• [56]Jones NA, Bullock JJ: Understanding Who Reported Multiple Races in the U.S. Decennial Census: Results From Census 2000 and the 2010 Census. Fam Relat 2013, 62(1):5-16.