What Hispanic parents do to encourage and discourage 3-5 year old children to be active: a qualitative study using nominal group technique

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Richard M Shewchuk¹  Theresa Nicklas²  Rebecca E Lee³  Tom Baranowski²  Deborah Thompson²  Jessica Robles²  Sheryl O Hughes²  Ester Cerin⁵  Teresia M O’Connor⁴ 

[1] Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas Obesity Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA;Department of Pediatrics, Academic General Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia

关键词: Nominal group technique;    Qualitative research;    Preschool child;    Hispanic;    Parenting practices;    Physical activity;   

Others  :  806670
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-10-93

 received in 2012-07-27, accepted in 2013-08-02,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Purpose

Hispanic preschoolers are less active than their non-Hispanic peers. As part of a feasibility study to assess environmental and parenting influences on preschooler physical activity (PA) (Niños Activos), the aim of this study was to identify what parents do to encourage or discourage PA among Hispanic 3-5 year old children to inform the development of a new PA parenting practice instrument and future interventions to increase PA among Hispanic youth.

Methods

Nominal Group Technique (NGT), a structured multi-step group procedure, was used to elicit and prioritize responses from 10 groups of Hispanic parents regarding what parents do to encourage (5 groups) or discourage (5 groups) preschool aged children to be active. Five groups consisted of parents with low education (less than high school) and 5 with high education (high school or greater) distributed between the two NGT questions.

Results

Ten NGT groups (n = 74, range 4-11/group) generated 20-46 and 42-69 responses/group for practices that encourage or discourage PA respectively. Eight to 18 responses/group were elected as the most likely to encourage or discourage PA. Parental engagement in child activities, modeling PA, and feeding the child well were identified as parenting practices that encourage child PA. Allowing TV and videogame use, psychological control, physical or emotional abuse, and lack of parental engagement emerged as parenting practices that discourage children from being active. There were few differences in the pattern of responses by education level.

Conclusions

Parents identified ways they encourage and discourage 3-5 year-olds from PA, suggesting both are important targets for interventions. These will inform the development of a new PA parenting practice scale to be further evaluated. Further research should explore the role parents play in discouraging child PA, especially in using psychological control or submitting children to abuse, which were new findings in this study.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 O’Connor et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]US Department of Health and Human Services: 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2008. U0036
• [2]National Association of Sports and Physical Education: Active Start: a statement of physical activity guidelines for children from birth to age 5. 2012. Available at: http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/standards/nationalGuidelines/ActiveStart.cfm webcite. Accessed June 26, 2012
• [3]Ruiz R, Gesell S, Buchowski M, Lambert W, Barkin S: The relationship between Hispanic parents and their preschool-aged children’s physical activity. Pediatrics 2011, 127:888-895.
• [4]McKenzie T, Sallis J, Nader P, Broles S, Nelson J: Anglo- and Mexican-American preschoolers at home and at recess: activity patterns and environmental influences. Dev Behav Pediatr 1992, 13(3):173-180.
• [5]Ennis S, Rios-Vargas M, Albert N: The Hispanic Population. 1020 Census Briefs. Issued 5/2011. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf webcite. Accessed August, 2013
• [6]Ogden C, Carroll M, Kit B, Flegal K: Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012., 307(5) published online first
• [7]Darling N, Steinberg L: Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychol Bull 1993, 113(3):487-496.
• [8]Edwardson C, Gorely T: Activity-related parenting practices and children’s objectively measured physical activity. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2010, 22(1):105-113.
• [9]Trost S, Loprinzi P: Parental influences on physical activity behavior in children and adolescents: a brief review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011, 5(2):171-181.
• [10]Pugliese J, Tinsley B: Parental socialization of child and adolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis. J Fam Psychol 2007, 21(3):331-343. Sep
• [11]Beets M, Cardinal B, Alderman B: Parental social support and the physical activity- related behaviors of youth: a review. Health Educ Behav 2010, 37(5):621-644.
• [12]Taverno S, Rollins B, Francis L: Generation, language, body mass index, and activity patterns in Hispanic children. Am J Prev Med 2010, 38(2):145-153.
• [13]Varela RE, Vernberg EM, Sanchez-Sosa JJ, Riveros A, Mitchell M, Mashunkashey J: Parenting style of Mexican, Mexican American, and Caucasian-non-Hispanic families: social context and cultural influences. J Fam Psychol 2004, 18(4):651-657. Dec
• [14]Delbecq A, Van de Ven A, Gustafson D: Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresmann; 1975.
• [15]MacPhail A: Nominal Group Technique: a useful method for working with young people. Brit Educ Res J 2001, 27:161-170.
• [16]Kristofco R, Shewchuk R, Casebeer L, Bellande B, Bennett N: Attributes of an ideal continuing medical education institution identified through nominal group technique. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2005, 25(3):221-228.
• [17]Jefferson W, Zunker C, Feucht J, Fitzpatrick S, Greene L, Shewchuk R, et al.: Use of nominal group technique to understand the perceptions of the healthiness of foods associated with African Americans. Eval Program Plann 2010, 33:343-348.
• [18]Haiyan Q, Houston T, Williams J, Gilbert G, Shewchuk R: Cognitive mapping tobacco control Advice for dentistry: a dental PBRN study. Am J Health Behav 2011, 35(2):228-239.
• [19]Potter M, Gordon S, Hamer P: The nominal group technique: a useful consensus methodology in physiotherapy research. New Zeal J Physiother 2004, 32(2):126-130.
• [20]Van de Ven A, Delbecq A: The effectiveness of Nominal, Delphi, and interactive group decision making process. J Acad Manag 1974, 17(4):605-621.
• [21]Hughes SO, Shewchuk RM: Child temperament, parent emotions, and perceptions of the child’s feeding experience. Int J Behav Nutr Phys 2012., 9(64)
• [22]Hinkley T, Crawford D, Salmon J, Okely AD, Hesketh K: Preschool children and physical activity; a review of correlates. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34:435-441.
• [23]Sallis J, Nader P, Broyles S, et al.: Correlates of physical activity at home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American preschool children. Health Psychol 1993, 12(5):390-398.
• [24]Klesges R, Matlott J, Boschee P, et al.: The effects of parental influences on children’s food intake, physical activity, and relative weight. Int J Eating Disord 1986, 5:335-346.
• [25]Jago R, Baranowski T, Thompson D, Baranowski J, Greaves K: Sedentary Behavior, Not TV Viewing, Predicts Physical Activity Among 3- to 7-Year-Old Children. Pediatr Exer Sci 2005, 17:364-376.
• [26]Klesges R, Eck L, Hanson C: Effects of obesity, social interaction, and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers. Health Psychol 1990, 9:435-449.
• [27]Sallis JF, Patterson TL, McKenzie TL, Nader PR: Family variables and physical activity in preschool children. J Devl Behav Pediatr 1988, 9(2):57-61.
• [28]Davison K, Cutting T, Birch L: Parent’s Activity -Related Parenting Practices Predict Girls’ Physical Activity. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2003, 35(9):1589-1595.
• [29]Sallis J, Prochaska JJ, Taylor WC, Hill JO: Correlates of vigorous physical activity in children grades 1 through 12: comparing parent-reported and objectively measured physical activity. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2002, 14(1):30-44.
• [30]Lindsay A, Sussner K, Greaney M, Peterson K: Influences of social context on eating, physical activity and sedentary behaviors of Latina mothers’ and their preschool aged children. Health Educ Behav 2009, 36(1):81-96.
• [31]Larios SE, Ayala GX, Arredondo EM, Baquero B, Elder JP: Development and validation of a scale to measure Latino parenting strategies related to children’s obesigenic behaviors. The parenting strategies for eating and activity scale (PEAS). Appetite 2009, 52(1):166-172.
• [32]Barber B: Parental Psychological Control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Dev 1996, 67:3296-3319.
• [33]Cooper R: The impact of child abuse on children’s play: a conceptual model. Occup Ther Int 2000, 7(4):259-276.
• [34]Harper J: Children’s Play: the differential effects of interfamilial physical and sexual abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 1991, 15:89-98.
• [35]Kenney M: Child, family, and neighborhood associations with parent and peer interactive play during early childhood. Matern Child Health J 2012, 16(S88):S101.
• [36]Lovasi G, Jacobson J, Quinn J, Neckerman K, Ashby-Thompson M, Rundle A: Is the environment near home and school associated with physical activity and adiposity of urban preschool children. J Urban Health Bull NY Acad Med 2011, 88(6):1143-1157.
• [37]Loprinzi P, Trost S: Parental Influences on physical activity behavior in preschool children. Prev Med 2010, 50(3):129-133.
• [38]Miles R: Neighborhood disorder, perceived safety, and readiness to encourage use of local playgrounds. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34(4):275-281.